Constructing and Naturalizing the Middle East

References

• Adelson, R. 1995. London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bilgin, P. 2000. Inventing the Middle Easts? The Making of Regions through Security Discourses. Paper presented at the Fourth Nordic Conference on Middle Eastern Studies, Oslo, August.
   Google Scholar
• Blake, G., J. Dewdney, and J. Mitchell, eds. 1987. The Cambridge Atlas of the Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge . England : Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonine, M. E. 1976. Where Is the Geography of the Middle East Professional Geographer 28 (2): 190–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, I. 1921. The New World: Problems in Political Geography. New York : World Book Co.
   Google Scholar
• Brawer, M., ed. 1988. Atlas of the Middle East. New York : Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bulut, F. 1997. The New Map of the Middle East. In Contrasts and Solutions in the Middle East, edited by O. Høiris and S. M. Yürükel, 36–60. Copenhagen : Aarhus University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chirol, V. 19021903. The Middle Eastern Question. Times of London.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, J. 2007. Islamophobia as a Social Problem. Middle Eastern Studies Association Bulletin 41 (1): 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cressey, G. B. 1960. Crossroads: Land and Life in Southwest Asia. Chicago : Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Culcasi, K. 2006. Cartographically Constructing Kurdistan within Geopolitical and Orientalist Discourses. Political Geography 25 (6): 680–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culcasi, K. 2007. Cartographic Representations of the Middle East, Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University.
   Google Scholar
• Davison, R. H. 1960. Where Is the Middle East Foreign Affairs 38 (4): 665–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De blij, H. J., P. O. Muller, and A. M. G. A. Winklerprins, 2009. The World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography. 4th ed. Hoboken , N.J. : John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, F. 2005. Imaginative Geographies. In Introducing Human Geographies, edited by P. Cloke, P. Crang, and M. Goodwin, 144–154. 2nd ed. London : Hodder Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Drysdale, A., and G. H. Blake, 1985. The Middle East and North Africa: A Political Geography. New York : Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elias, M. 2006. USA's Muslims under a Cloud. USA Today, 10 August. [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006‐08‐09‐muslim‐american‐cover_x.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Flint, C., and G. W. Falah, 2004. How the United States Justified Its War on Terrorism: Prime Morality and the Construction of a “Just War.” Third World Quarterly 25 (8): 1379–1399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromkin, D. 1989. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York : Henry Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, A. 2009. 9 Muslim Passengers Removed from Jet. Washington Post, 2 January, §B, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, T. E. 1900. The Problem of the Middle East. Nineteenth Century 47 (277): 413–424.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, D. 2004. The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, and Iraq. Malden , Mass. : Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hagen, J. 2003. Redrawing the Imagined Map of Europe: The Rise and Fall of the “Center.” Political Geography 22 (5): 489–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häkli, J. 1998. Manufacturing Provinces: Theorizing the Encounters between Governmental and Popular “Geographs” in Finland. In Rethinking Geopolitics, edited by G. Ó Tuathail and S. Dalby, 131–151. New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Haldrup, M., L. Koefoed, and K. Simonsen, 2006. Practical Orientalism: Bodies, Everyday Life and the Construction of Otherness. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 88 (2): 173–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond. 2002. Greater Middle East Region, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey. Map, 1:10,000,000. Maplewood , N.J. : Hammond.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. 2001. Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography. New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Held, C. C. 2005. Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics. 4th ed. Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keddie, N. R. 1973. Is There a Middle East International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (3): 255–271.
   Google Scholar
• Khalidi, R. 1998. The “Middle East” as a Framework of Analysis: Re‐Mapping a Region in the Era of Globalization. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 18 (1): 74–80.
   Google Scholar
• Koppes, C. R. 1976. Captain Mahan, General Gordon, and the Origins of the Term “Middle East.” Middle Eastern Studies 12 (1): 95–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. 1980. Flight from the Middle East: A History of the Royal Air Force in the Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Territories, 1945–1972. London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, B., and P. M. Holt, 1962. Introduction. In Historians of the Middle East, edited by B. Lewis and P. M. Holt, 1–19. New York : Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. W., and K. E. Wigen, 1997. The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography. Berkeley : University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Little, D. 2002. American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lockman, Z. 2007a. Did the Events of 9/11 Change the Field of Middle East Studies International Journal of Middle East Studies 39 (3): 343–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockman, Z. 2007b. The Price of Ignorance. Middle East Studies Association Newsletter, February, 3–4. [http://www.mesa.arizona.edu/publications/presletters.htm#Lockman].
   Google Scholar
• Loder J. de V. 1923. The Truth about Mesopotamia, Palestine and Syria. London : George Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Luciani, G., and G. Salamé, eds. 1988. Introduction. In The Politics of Arab Integration, edited by G. Luciani and G. Salame, 1–30. New York : Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Mahan, A. 1902. The Persian Gulf and International Relations. National Review, September, 27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. R., and B. M. Parmenter, 2004. The Middle East: A Geographic Preface. In Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, edited by J. Schwedler and D. J. Gerner, 9–36. 3rd ed. Boulder , Colo. : Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Marston, S. A., P. L. Knox, and D. M. Liverman, 2002. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places and Environments. Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Prentice‐Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Marston, S. A., P. L. Knox, D. M. Liverman, V. J. Del casino Jr., and P. F. Robbins, 2011. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places and Environments. 4th ed. Boston : Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Merskin, D. 2004. The Construction of Arabs as Enemies: Post‐September 11 Discourse of George W. Bush. Mass Communication and Society 7 (2): 157–175.
   Google Scholar
• Microsoft. 2007. Middle East. Microsoft Encarta. Formerly at [encarta.msn.com].
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, A. B. 1997. Linguistic Regionalism and the Social Construction of Space in Belgium. In Political Geography, A Reader, edited by J. Agnew, 256–267. New York : Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• NGS [National Geographic Society]. 1999. Atlas of the World. 7th ed. Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society.
   Google Scholar
• NGS [National Geographic Society]. 2003. Atlas of the Middle East. Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society.
   Google Scholar
• NGS [National Geographic Society]. 2004. Atlas of the World. 8th ed. Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 2000. State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Paasi, A. 2001. Europe as a Social Process and Discourse: Considerations of Place, Boundaries and Identity. European Urban and Regional Studies 8 (1): 7–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painter, J. 2006. Prosaic Geographies of Stateness. Political Geography 25 (7): 752–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickles, J. 2004. A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping and the Geo‐Coded World. New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, G. L., M. M. Geib, and A. Spengler, 1975. Atlas of the Middle East. Dubuque , Iowa : Kendall/Hunt.
   Google Scholar
• Saad, L. 2006. Anti‐Muslim Sentiments Fairly Commonplace. Gallup News Service, 10 August. [http://www.gallup.com/poll/24073/antimuslim‐sentiments‐fairly‐commonplace.aspx].
   Google Scholar
• Said, E. 1978. Orientalism. New York : Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Said, E. 1997. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. Rev. ed New York : Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Salter, C. L., and J. J. Hobbs, 2003. Essentials of World Regional Geography. 4th ed. Pacific Grove , Calif. : Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Sayigh, Y. 1991. The Gulf Crisis: Why the Arab Regional Order Failed. International Affairs 67 (3): 487–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen, J. G. 2001. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. New York : Olive Branch Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen, J. G. 2008. Guilty: Hollywood's Verdict on Arabs after 9/11. Northampton, Mass.: Olive Branch Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sidaway, J. D. 1994. Geopolitics, Geography, and “Terrorism” in the Middle East. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 357–372.
   Google Scholar
• Simpich, F. 1919. The Rise of the New Arab Nation. National Geographic Magazine 26 (5): 369–393.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. G. 1968. The Emergence of the Middle East. Journal of Contemporary History 3 (3): 3–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. 1992. Contours of a Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles and the Production of Geographic Scale. Social Text 33: 54–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sparke, M. 2007. Geopolitical Fears, Geoeconomic Hopes, and the Responsibilities of Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97 (2): 338–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steet, L. 2000. Veils and Daggers: A Century of National Geographic's Representation of the Arab World. Philadelphia : Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. J. 2005a. Geography and the Middle East. Geographical Review 95 (3): iii–vi.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. J. 2005b. The Greater Middle East and Reform in the Bush Administration's Ideological Imagination. Geographical Review 95 (3): 400–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Times Atlas. 1973. The Times Atlas of the World. 4th comprehensive ed. London : Times in collaboration with John Bartholomew & Son.
   Google Scholar
• Times Atlas. 1985. The Times Atlas of the World. 7th comprehensive ed. New York : Times Books.
   Google Scholar
• Times Atlas. 1992. The Times Atlas of the World. 9th comprehensive ed. New York : Times Books.
   Google Scholar
• Times Atlas. 1999. The Times Atlas of the World. 10th comprehensive ed. New York : Times Books.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of State. 2010. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. [http://www.state.gov/p/nea/].
   Google Scholar
• Van schendel, W. 2002. Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance: Jumping Scale in Southeast Asia. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 20 (6): 647–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veregin, H., ed. 2005. Goode's World Atlas. 21st ed. Skokie , Ill. : Rand McNally.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, B. 2004. From Turkey to Tibet. Guardian [London], 23 February. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/23/worlddispatch.brianwhitaker].
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, J., and A. Varghese, 2009. Online Discourse in the Arab World: Dispelling the Myths. Washington , D.C. : U.S. Institute of Peace. [http://www.usip.org/files/resources/arab_world_online_pb.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D., and J. Fels, 2008. The Natures of Maps: Cartographic Constructions of the Natural World. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar