33
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

How the West Has Won: Regional and Industrial Inversion in U.S. Patent Activity

&
Pages 241-260 | Published online: 22 Oct 2015

References

  • Acs, Z. J.; Anselin, L., and Varga, A. 2002. Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge. Research Policy 31:1069–85.
  • Arcelus, F. J. 1984. An extension of shift-share analysis. Growth and Change 15:3–8.
  • Audretsch, D. B., and Feldman, M. P. 1995. Innovative clusters and the industry life cycle. Working paper 1161. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  • Audretsch, D. B., and Feldman, M. P. 1996. R & D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. American Economic Review 86:630–40.
  • Balassa, B. 1979. Export composition and export performance in the industrial countries, 1953–71. Review of Economics and Statistics 61:604–7.
  • Bania, N.; Calkins, L. N.; and Dalenberg, D. R. 1992. The effects of regional science and technology policy on the geographic distribution of industrial R & D laboratories. Journal of Regional Science 32:209–28.
  • Bernard, A., and Busse, M. R. Forthcoming. Who wins the Olympic games: Economic development and medal totals. Review of Economics and Statistics.
  • Berzeg, K. 1978. The empirical content of shift-share analysis. Journal of Regional Science 18:463–69.
  • Berzeg, K. 1984. A note on statistical approaches to shift-share analysis. Journal of Regional Science 24:277–85.
  • Boltho, A. 1996. Was Japanese growth export-led Oxford Economic Papers 48:415–32.
  • Bureau of the Census. 19611966. Statistical abstract of the United States: 1961–66 (82nd–87th eds.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2003. Regional economic accounts. Available online: http://www.bea.gov/bea/regional/data.htm.
  • Cheung, E. 1995. Baby-boomers, Generation-X and social cycles. Toronto: Longwave Press.
  • Co, C. 2002. Evolution of the geography of innovation: Evidence from patent data. Growth and Change 33:393–423.
  • Davelaar, E. J., and Nijkamp, P. 1989. The role of the metropolitan milieu as an incubation centre for technological innovations: A Dutch case study. Urban Studies 26:517–26.
  • Davelaar, E. J., and Nijkamp, P. 1997. Spatial dispersion of technological innovation: A review. In Innovative behaviour in space and time, ed. C. S. Bertuglia, S. Lombardo, and P. Nijkamp, Chap. 2, 17–40. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Dumais, G.; Ellison, G.; and Glaeser, E. L. 2002. Geographic concentration as a dynamic process. Review of Economics and Statistics 84:193–204.
  • Evenson, R. E. 1993. Patents, R & D, and invention potential: International evidence. American Economic Review 83:463–68.
  • Feldman, M. P., and Florida, R. 1994. The geographic sources of innovation: Technological infrastructure and product innovation in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84:210–29.
  • Felsenstein, D., and Shachar, A. 1988. Location and organizational determinants of R & D employment in high technology firms. Regional Studies 22:477–86.
  • Furman, J. L.; Porter, M. E.; and Stern, S. 2002. The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy 31:899–934.
  • Gilder, G. 2000. Telecosm. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Greene, W. H. 1993. Econometric analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
  • Griffith, D. A. 1996. Some guidelines for specifying the geography weights matrix contained in spatial statistical models. In Practical Handbook of Spatial Statistics, ed. S. L. Arlinghaus, 65–82. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.
  • Griliches, Z. 1990. Patent statistics as economics indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature 28:1661–707.
  • Griliches, Z. 2001. Estimating the returns to schooling: Some econometric problems. Elgar Reference Collection. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Vol. 124. Northampton, Mass.: Elgar Press.
  • Hall, B., and Van Reenen, J. 2000. How effective are fiscal incentives for R & D? A review of the evidence. Research Policy 29:449–69.
  • Hammond Citation World Atlas. 1991. Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond.
  • Harrison, B.; Kelley, M. R.; and Gant, J. 1996. Innovative firm behavior and local milieu: Exploring the intersection of agglomeration, firm effects and technological change. Economic Geography 72:233–58.
  • Hartog, J.; Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A.; and Jonker, N. 2002. Linking measured risk aversion to individual characteristics. Kyklos 55(1):3–26.
  • Howells, J. R. L. 1984. The location of research and development: Some observations and evidence from Britain. Regional Studies 18:13–29.
  • Jaffe, A. B.; Trajtenberg, M.; and Henderson, R. 1993. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics 108:577–98.
  • Johnson, D. K. N. 1999. 150 years of American invention: Methodology and a first geographical application. Working Paper 99–01. Wellesley, Mass.: Wellesley College, Department of Economics.
  • Johnson, D. K. N. 2002a. The OECD technology concordance (OTC): Patents by industry of manufacture and sector of use. Working Paper 2002/5. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.
  • Johnson, D. K. N. 2002b. Learning-by-licensing: R & D and technology licensing in Brazilian invention. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 11:163–77.
  • Johnson, D. K. N., and Ali, A. Forthcoming. A tale of two seasons: Participation and success at the summer and winter Olympic games. Social Science Quarterly.
  • Johnson, D. K. N., and Evenson, R. E. 1997. Innovation and invention in Canada. Economic Systems Research 9:177–92.
  • Johnson, D. K. N., and Evenson, R. E. 2000. How far away is Africa? Technological spillovers to agriculture and productivity. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82:743–49.
  • Johnson, D. K. N.; Siripong, N.; and Brown, A. 2002. The demise of distance? The declining role of physical distance in knowledge transmission. Working Paper 2002–06. Wellesley, Mass.: Wellesley College, Department of Economics.
  • Keller, W. 2001. International technology diffusion. Working Paper 8573. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Kleinknecht, A., and Poot, T. P. 1992. Do regions matter for R & D Regional Studies 26:221–32.
  • Knudsen, D. C., and Barff, R. 1991. Shift-share analysis as a linear model. Environment and Planning A 23:421–31.
  • Kortum, S., and Putnam, J. 1997. Assigning patents to industries: Tests of the Yale Technology Concordance. Economic Systems Research 9:161–75.
  • Laband, D. N., and Lentz, B. F. 2003. New estimates of economies of scale and scope in higher education. Southern Economic Journal 70:172–83.
  • Laursen, K. 2000. Trade specialisation, technology and economic growth: Theory and evidence from advanced countries. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar.
  • Leamer, E. E., and Stern, R. M. 1970. Quantitative international economics, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Levin, S. G., and Stephan, P. E. 1991. Research productivity over the life cycle: Evidence for academic scientists. American Economic Review 81:114–32.
  • Llobrera, J. T.; Meyer, D. R.; and Nammacher, G. 2000. Trajectories of industrial districts: Impact of strategic intervention in medical districts. Economic Geography 76:68–98.
  • Malecki, E. J. 1979. Locational trends in R & D by large U.S. corporations, 1965–1977. Economic Geography 55:309–23.
  • Mowery, D. C., and Ziedonis, A. A. 2001. Numbers, quality, and entry: How has the Bayh-Dole Act affected U.S. university patenting and licensing Innovation Policy and the Economy 1:187–220.
  • National Science Foundation. 2002. WebCASPAR database system. Available online: http://www.caspar.nsf.gov.
  • Oakey, R. P.; Thwaites, A. T.; and Nash, P. A. 1980. The regional distribution of innovative manufacturing establishments in Britain. Regional Studies 14:235–53.
  • Payne, A. A., and Siow, A. 2003. Does federal research funding increase university research output Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy 3(1):1–21.
  • Pyka, A., and Kuppers, G., eds. 2002. New horizons in the economics of innovation. Northampton, Mass.: Elgar Press.
  • Rantisi, N. M. 2002. The competitive foundations of localized learning and innovation: The case of women’s garment production in New York City. Economic Geography 78:441–62.
  • Renton, D. A., and Duffy, M. 1970. A model for forecasting U.K. exports to primary producers. Oxford Economic Papers 22(3):383–405.
  • Rodriguez-Pose, A. 1994. Socioeconomic restructuring and regional change: Rethinking growth in the European community. Economic Geography 70:325–43.
  • Sokoloff, K. L. 1988. Inventive activity in early industrial America: Evidence from patent records, 1790–1846. Journal of Economic History 48:813–50.
  • Sternberg, R., and Arndt, O. 2001. The firm or the region: What determines the innovation behavior of European firms Economic Geography 77:364–82.
  • Suarez-Villa, L. 1993. The dynamics of regional invention and innovation: Innovative capacity and regional change in the twentieth century. Geographical Analysis 25:147–64.
  • Suarez-Villa, L., and Walrod, W. 1997. Operational strategy, R & D and intrametropolitan clustering in a polycentric structure: The advanced electronics industries of the Los Angeles basin. Urban Studies 34:1343–80.
  • Sullivan, R. J. 1989. England’s “Age of Invention”: The acceleration of patents and patentable invention during the Industrial Revolution. Explorations in Economic History 26:424–52.
  • Sullivan, R. J. 1990. The revolution of ideas: Widespread patenting and invention during the English industrial revolution. Journal of Economic History 50:349–62.
  • Swann, G. M. P.; Prevezer, M.; and Stout, D., eds. 1998. The dynamics of industrial clustering: International comparisons in computing and biotechnology. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
  • Theil, H., and Gosh, R. 1980. A comparison of shift-share and the RAS adjustment. Regional Science and Urban Economics 10:175–80.
  • U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 1997. Patent counts by country/state and year. Washington, D.C.: Technology Assessment and Forecast Program, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Von Wachter, T. 2001. Employment and productivity growth in service and manufacturing sectors in France, Germany and the U.S. Working Paper Series 50, March, Frankfurt am Main, Germany: European Central Bank.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.