The Impact of Environmental, Firm, and Relational Factors on Entrepreneurs' Ethically Suspect Behaviors

References

• Aldrich, H., and C. Zimmer (1986). “Entrepreneurship through Social Networks,” in The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Eds. D. Sexton and R. Smilor. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co., 3–24.
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich, H. E. (1979). Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Asch, P. A., and J. J. Seneca (1975). “Characteristics of Collusive Firms,” Journal of Industrial Economics 23, 223–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barney, J. B., and M. H. Hansen (1994). “Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantage,” Strategic Management Journal 15, 175–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A., and J. Tang. (2011). “The Role of Entrepreneurs in Firm‐Level Innovation: Joint Effects of Positive Affect, Creativity, and Environmental Dynamism,” Journal of Business Venturing 26(1), 49–60.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., and D. A. Kenny (1986). “The Moderator‐Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batjargal, B., and M. Liu (2004). “Entrepreneurs' Access to Private Equity in China: The Role of Social Capital,” Organization Science 15(2), 159–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baucus, M. S., and J. P. Near (1991). “Can Illegal Corporate Behavior Be Predicted? An Event History Analysis,” Academy of Management Journal 34, 9–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, C. R., and W. B. Gudykunst (1991). “Uncertainty and Communication,” in Progress in Communication Sciences. Eds. B. Dervin and M. Voight. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 21–66.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, S. L., A. C. Wicks, S. Kotha, and T. M. Jones (2006). “Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter? The Relationship between Stakeholder Management Models and Firm Financial Performance,” Academy of Management Journal 42(5), 488–506.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, R. (1979). The Possibility of Naturalism. Brighton, UK: Harvester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhide, A., and H. H. Stevenson (1990). “Why Be Honest If Honesty Doesn't Pay,” Harvard Business Review 68(5), 121–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, B. Nov 24, 2009. China executes two for tainted milk scandal, Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/24/us‐china‐melamine‐executions‐idUSTRE5AN0YM20091124 (accessed on November 12, 2012, Beijing.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1985). “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Ed. J. G. Richardson. New York: Greenwood, 241–258.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, B. (1990). “Corporate Linkages and Organizational Environments: A Test of the Resource Dependence Model,” Strategic Management Journal 11, 419–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass, D. J., K. D. Butterfield, and B. C. Skaggs (1998). “Relationships and Unethical Behavior: A Social Network Perspective,” Academy of Management Review 23(1), 14–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1980). “Translation and Content Analysis of Oral and Written Materials,” in Handbook of Cross‐Cultural Psychology. 2: Ed. H. T. J. Berry. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 389–444.
   Google Scholar
• Bucar, B., and R. D. Hisrich (2001). “Ethics of Business Managers vs. Entrepreneurs,” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 6(1), 59–83.
   Google Scholar
• Bucar, B., M. Glas, and R. D. Hisrich (2003). “Ethics and Entrepreneurs: An International Comparative Study,” Journal of Business Venturing 18, 261–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell, G., and G. Morgan (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis. London: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes, the Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, G. N., B. Honig, and J. Wiklund (2005). “Antecedents, Moderators, and Performance Consequences of Membership Change in New Venture Teams,” Journal of Business Venturing 20, 705–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau, L. L., and W. Siu (2000). “Ethical Decision Making in Corporate Entrepreneurial Organizations,” Journal of Business Ethics 23, 365–375.
   Google Scholar
• Chen‐fong, W. (2002). “The Relationship of Ethical Decision‐Making to Business Ethics and Performance in Taiwan,” Journal of Business Ethics 35(3), 163–176.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, R., and J. Aram (1997). “Universal Values, Behavioral Ethics and Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Business Ethics 16(5), 561–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinard, M. B., and P. C. Yeager (1980). Corporate Crime. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Covin, J. G., K. M. Green, and D. P. Slevin (2006). “Strategic Process Effects on the Entrepreneurial Orientation‐Sales Growth Rate Relationship,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30, 57–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, J. B., K. P. Parboteeah, and M. Hoegl (2004). “Cross‐Cultural Differences in Managers' Willingness to Justify Ethically Suspect Behaviors: A Test of Institutional Anomie Theory,” Academy of Management Journal 47(3), 411–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daboub, A. J., A. M. A. Rasheed, R. L. Priem, and D. Gray (1995). “Top Management Team Characteristics and Corporate Illegal Activity,” Academy of Management Review 20(1), 138–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P., and B. Honig (2003). “The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs,” Journal of Business Venturing 18(3), 301–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S., J. Breen, and L. Satyen (2002). “The Ethical Outlook of Micro Business Operators,” Journal of Small Business Management 40(4), 302–313.
   Google Scholar
• Dees, J. G., and J. A. Starr (1992). “Entrepreneurship through an Ethical Lens: Dilemmas and Issues for Research and Practice,” in The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship. Eds. D. L. Sexton and J. D. Kasarda. Boston, MA: PWS—Kent, 89–116.
   Google Scholar
• Dess, G. G., and D. W. Beard (1984). “Dimensions of Organizational Task Enviroments,” Administrative Science Quarterly 29, 52–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dess, G. G., R. D. Ireland, and M. A. Hitt (1990). “Industry Effects and Strategic Management Research,” Journal of Management 16, 7–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, T., and T. W. Dunfee (1999). Ties That Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim, E. (1966). Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fassin, Y. (2005). “The Reasons Behind Non‐Ethical Behaviour in Business and Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Business Ethics 60(3), 265–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, J. (2004). “Social Responsibility and Ethics: Clarifying the Concepts,” Journal of Business Ethics 52(4), 381–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florin, J., M. Lubatkin, and W. Schulze (2003). “A Social Capital Model of High‐Growth Ventures,” Academy of Management Journal 46, 374–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. (1999). Applied Regression, Linear Models, and Related Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of Emotions. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, T., and Y. Tian (2006). “Social and Symbolic Capital and Responsible Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Investigation of SME Narratives,” Journal of Business Ethics 67, 287–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner, W. (1985). “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation,” Academy of Management Review 10(4), 696–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. (1979). Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goll, I., and A. M. A. Rasheed (1997). “Rational Decision‐Making and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment,” Strategic Management Journal 18(7), 583–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1985). “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness,” American Journal of Sociology 91, 481–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1992). “Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology,” in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action. Eds. N. Nohria and R. Eccles. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 25–56.
   Google Scholar
• Hai Y. T. and L. F. See (1997). “Moderating Effects of Tolerance for Ambiguity and Risk‐Taking Propensity on the Role Conflict‐Perceived Performance Relationship: Evidence from Singaporean Entrepreneurs,” Journal of Business Venturing 12, 67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. E., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice‐Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hambrick, D.C., and P.A. Mason (1984). “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers,” Academy of Management Review 9(2), 193–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannafey, F. T. (2003). “Entrepreneurship and Ethics: A Literature Review,” Journal of Business Ethics 46(2), 99–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannan, M. T., and J. Freeman (1977). “The Population Ecology of Organizations,” American Journal of Sociology 82(5), 929–964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. D., H. J. Sapienza, and N. E. Bowie (2009). “Ethics and Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Business Venturing 24, 407–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hmieleski, K. M., and R. A. Baron (2009). “Entrepreneurs' Optimism and New Venture Performance: A Social Cognitive Perspective,” Academy of Management Journal 52(3), 473–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, S. D., and S. J. Vitell (1993). “The General Theory of Marketing Ethics,” Journal of Macromarketing 6(1), 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Ireland, R. D., and J. W. Webb (2007). “A Cross‐Disciplinary Exploration of Entrepreneurship Research,” Journal of Management 33(6), 891–927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, T. M. (1991). “Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations,” Academy of Managment Review 16, 366–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, T. M. (1995). “Intrumental Stakeholder Theory: A Synthesis of Ethics and Economics,” Academy of Managment Review 20, 404–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson, S., H. R. Greve, and T. Fujiwara‐greve (2009). “Undeserved Loss: The Spread of Legitimacy Loss to Innocent Organizations in Response to Reported Corporate Deviance,” Administrative Science Quarterly 54, 195–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keats, B. W., and M. A. Hitt (1988). “A Causal Model of Linkages among Environmental Dimensions, Macro Organizational Characteristics, and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal 31(3), 570–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longenecker, J. G., J. A. Mckinney, and C. W. Moore (1988). “Egoism and Independence: Entrepreneurial Ethics,” Organizational Dynamics 16(3), 64–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longenecker, J. G., J. A. Mckinney, and C. W. Moore (1989a). “Do Smaller Firms Have Higher Ethics?,” Business and Society Review 71, 19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Longenecker, J. G., J. A. Mckinney, and C. W. Moore (1989b). “Ethics in Small Business,” Journal of Small Business Management 27(1), 27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, G. T., and G. G. Dess (1996). “Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance,” Academy of Management Review 21(1), 135–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman, G. D., and R. A. Baron (2003). “Beyond Social Capital: The Role of Entrepreneurs’ Social Competence in Their Financial Success,” Journal of Business Venturing 18, 41–60.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, K. D., J. B. Cullen, J. L. Johnson, and K. P. Parboteeah (2007). “Deciding to Bribe: A Cross‐Level Analysis of Firm and Home Country Influences on Bribery Activity,” Academy of Management Journal 50(6), 1401–1422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcclelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
   Google Scholar
• Mcdonald, R. E. (2007). “An Investigation of Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations: The Role of Organizational Mission,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 36(2), 256–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcfadyen, M. A., and A. A. Cannella (2004). “Social Capital and Knowledge Creation: Diminishing Returns of the Number and Strength of Exchange Relationships,” Academy of Management Journal 47(5), 735–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckinley, W. (1987). “Complexity and Administrative Intensity: The Case of Declining Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 32(1), 87–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Structure. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milliken, F. J. (1987). “Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty about the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty,” Academy of Managment Review 12(1), 133–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. H., M. Schindehutte, J. Walton, and J. Allen (2002). “The Ethical Context of Entrepreneurship: Proposing and Testing a Developmental Framework,” Journal of Business Ethics 40(4), 331–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahapiet, J., and S. Ghoshal (1998). “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and Organizational Advantage,” Academy of Management Review 23(2), 242–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter, J., M. H. Kutner, C. J. Nachtsheim, and W. Wasserman (1996). Applied Linear Statistical Models. Chicago, IL: Irwin.
   Google Scholar
• Opotow, S. (1990). “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction,” Journal of Business Ethics 4, 131–136.
   Google Scholar
• Orlikowski, W. (1992). “The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations,” Organization Science 3(3), 398–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlikowski, W. J., and D. Robey (1991). “Information Technology and the Structuring of Organizations,” Information Systems Research 2(2), 143–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, T. B., and R. M. Wiseman (1999). “Decoupling Risk Taking from Income Stream Uncertainty: A Holistic Model of Risk,” Strategic Management Journal 20, 1037–1062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Y. (2004). “Kinship Networks and Entrepreneurs in China's Transitional Economy,” American Journal of Sociology 109, 1045–1074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J., and G. R. Salancik (1978). The External Control of Organizations. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. Mackenzie, J. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff (2003). “Common Method Bias in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies,” Journal of Applied Psychology 88, 879–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramzy, A. (Sep. 26, 2008). “China's Tainted‐Milk Scandal of 2008,” Time Magazine: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1844750,00.html (accessed on November 15, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Reis, H. T., and C. Judd (2000). Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, D. A., P. Davidsson, H. V. D. Mescht, and P. Court (2007). “How Entrepreneurs Deal with Ethical Challenges—An Application of the Business Ethics Synergy Star Technique,” Journal of Business Ethics 71(4), 411–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, M. E., L. Ordonez, and B. Douma (2004). “Goal Setting as a Motivator of Unethical Behavior,” Academy of Management Journal 47(3), 422–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane, S., and S. Venkataraman (2000). “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research,” Academy of Management Review 25, 217–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel, M. E. (1982). “Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models,” in Sociological Methodology. Ed. S. Leinhardt. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 290–312.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, J., and Z. Tang (2007). “The Relationship of Achievement Motivation and Risk‐Taking Propensity to New Venture Performance: A Test of the Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurial Munificence,” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 4(4), 450–472.
   Google Scholar
• Teal, E. J., and A. B. Carroll (1999). “Moral Reasoning Skills: Are Entrepreneurs Different?,” Journal of Business Ethics 19(3), 229–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, D. (1999). “The Dark Side of Organizations: Mistake, Misconduct, and Disaster,” Annual Review of Sociology 25, 271–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitell, S. J., E. B. Dickerson, and T. A. Festervand (2000). “Ethical Problems, Conflicts and Beliefs of Small Business Professionals,” Journal of Business Ethics 28(1), 15–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyakarnam, S., A. Bailey, A. Myers, and D. Burnett (1997). “Towards an Understanding of Ethical Behaviour in Small Firms,” Journal of Business Ethics 16(15), 1625–1636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, A., M. Auer, and T. Ritter (2006). “The Impact of Network Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Orientation on University Spinoff Performance,” Journal of Business Venturing 21, 541–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicks, A. C., S. L. Berman, and T. M. Jones (1999). “The Structure of Optimal Trust: Moral and Strategic Applications,” Academy of Management Review 24(1), 99–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund, J., and D. Shepherd (2005). “Entrepreneurial Orientation and Small Business Performance: A Configurational Approach,” Journal of Business Venturing 20, 71–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economics Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A., and G. J. Zeitz (2002). “Beyond Survival: Achieving New Venture Growth by Building Legitimacy,” Academy of Management Review 27(3), 414–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar