112
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Foreign Direct Investments and Domestic Employment of German SMEs: The Moderating Effect of Owner Management

Pages 451-476 | Published online: 19 Nov 2019

References

  • Agarwal, J. P. (1980). “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Survey,” Review of World Economics/Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 116(4), 739–773.
  • Aiken, L., and S. West (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Aldrich, H. E., and E. R. Auster (1986). “Even Dwarfs Started Small: Liabilities of Age and Size and Their Strategic Implications,” Research in Organizational Behavior 8, 165–198.
  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple Regression: A Primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
  • Anderson, D., D. J. Sweeney, and T. R. Williams (2002). Statistics for Business and Economics. Mason, OH: South‐Western.
  • Anderson, R. C., and D. M. Reeb (2003). “Founding‐Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500,” Journal of Finance 58(3), 1301–1328.
  • Ang, J. S., R. A. Cole, and J. W. Lin (2000). “Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Finance 55(1), 81–106.
  • Baldwin, R. E. (1994). “The Effects of Trade and Foreign Direct Investment on Employment and Relative Wages,” OECD Economic Studies 23, 7–54.
  • Barba navaretti, G., and A. J. Venables (2004). Multinational Firms in the World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Barba navaretti, G., D. Checchi, and A. Turrini (2003). “Adjusting Labor Demand: Multinational Versus National Firms: A Cross‐European Analysis,” Journal of the European Economic Association 1(2/3), 708–719.
  • Barringer, B. R., and D. W. Greening (1998). “Small Business Growth through Geographic Expansion: A Comparative Case Study,” Journal of Business Venturing 13(6), 467–492.
  • Becker, S. O., K. Ekholm, R. Jäckle, and M.‐A. Muendler (2005). “Location Choice and Employment Decisions: A Comparison of German and Swedish Multinationals,” Review of World Economics 141(4), 693–731.
  • Berle, A. A., and G. C. Means (1932). The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan.
  • Block, J. (2010). “Family Management, Family Ownership, and Downsizing: Evidence from S&P 500 Firms,” Family Business Review 23(2), 109–130.
  • Blonigen, B. A. (2005). “A Review of the Empirical Literature on FDI Determinants,” Atlantic Economic Journal 33(4), 383–403.
  • Boyd, B. K., S. Gove, and M. A. Hitt (2005). “Construct Measurement in Strategic Management Research: Illusion Or Reality?,” Strategic Management Journal 26(3), 239–257.
  • Braconier, H., and K. Ekholm (2000). “Swedish Multinationals and Competition from High‐ and Low‐Wage Locations,” Review of International Economics 3(8), 448–461.
  • Brainard, L. S. (1993). “A Simple Theory of Multinational Corporations and Trade with a Trade‐Off Between Proximity and Concentration,” NBER Working Papers No. 4269.
  • Brainard, L. S. (1997). “An Empirical Assessment of the Proximity‐Concentration Trade‐Off Between Multinational Sales and Trade,” American Economic Review 87(4), 520–544.
  • Brouthers, K. D., and G. Nakos (2004). “SME Entry Mode Choice and Performance: A Transaction Cost Perspective,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 28(3), 229–247.
  • Bruno, G. S. F., and A. M. Falzoni (2003). “Multinational Corporations, Wages and Employment: Do Adjustment Costs Matter?” Applied Economics 35(11), 1277–1290.
  • Brush, C. G., and P. A. Vanderwerf (1992). “A Comparison of Methods and Sources for Obtaining Estimates of New Venture Performance,” Journal of Business Venturing 7(2), 157–170.
  • Buch, C. M., J. Kleinert, A. Lipponer, and F. Toubal (2005). “Determinants and Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from German Firm‐Level Data,” Economic Policy 20(41), 52–110.
  • Buckley, P. J. (1989). “Foreign Direct Investment by Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: The Theoretical Background,” Small Business Economics 1(2), 89–100.
  • Carr, D. L., J. R. Markusen, and K. E. Maskus (2001). “Estimating The Knowledge‐Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise,” American Economic Review 91(3), 693–708.
  • Castellani, D., I. Mariotti, and L. Piscitello (2008). “The Impact of Outward Investments on Parent Company's Employment and Skill Composition. Evidence from the Italian Case,” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 19(1), 81–94.
  • Caves, R. E. (1971). “International Corporations: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment,” Economica 38(149), 1–27.
  • Champoux, J. E., and W. S. Peters (1987). “Form, Effect Size and Power in Moderated Regression Analysis,” Journal of Occupational Psychology 60(3), 243–255.
  • Chandler, G. N., and S. H. Hanks (1993). “Measuring the Performance of Emerging Businesses: A Validation Study,” Journal of Business Venturing 8(5), 391–408.
  • Chandler, G. N., and D. W. Lyon (2001). “Issues of Research Design and Construct Measurement in Entrepreneurship Research: The Past Decade,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 25(4), 101–113.
  • Chaplin, W. F. (1991). “The Next Generation of Moderator Research in Personality Psychology,” Journal of Personality 59(2), 143–178.
  • Chrisman, J. J., J. H. Chua, and R. A. Litz (2004). “Comparing the Agency Costs of Family and Non‐Family Firms: Conceptual Issues and Exploratory Evidence,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 28(4), 335–354.
  • Coeurderoy, R., and G. Murray (2008). “Regulatory Environments and the Location Decision: Evidence from the Early Foreign Market Entries of New Technology Based Firms,” Journal of International Business Studies 39(4), 670–687.
  • Cohen, J., P. Cohen, S. G. West, and L. S. Aiken (2003). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coviello, N. E., and A. Mcauley (1999). “Internationalisation and the Smaller Firm: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Research,” Management International Review 39(3), 223–256.
  • Criscuolo, C., and R. Martin (2009). “Multinationals and US Productivity Leadership: Evidence from Great Britain,” Review of Economics and Statistics 91(2), 263–281.
  • Culem, C. G. (1988). “The Locational Determinants of Direct Investments among Industrialized Countries,” European Economic Review 32(4), 885–904.
  • Cuyvers, L., M. Dumont, G. Rayp, and K. Stevens (2005). “Home Employment Effects of EU Firms' Activities in Central and Eastern European Countries,” Open Economies Review 16(2), 153–174.
  • Daily, C. M., and M. J. Dollinger (1992). “An Empirical Examination of Ownership Structure in Family and Professionally Managed Firms,” Family Business Review 5(2), 117–136.
  • Daily, C. M., D. R. Dalton, and N. Rajagopalan (2003). “Governance through Ownership: Centuries of Practice, Decades of Research,” Academy of Management Journal 46(2), 151–158.
  • Dalton, D. R., C. M. Daily, S. T. Certo, and R. Roengpitya (2003). “Meta‐Analyses of Financial Performance and Equity: Fusion Or Confusion?,” Academy of Management Journal 46(1), 13–26.
  • Davidson, W. H. (1980). “The Location of Foreign Direct Investment Activity: Country Characteristics and Experience Effects,” Journal of International Business Studies 11(2), 9–22.
  • Davis, J. H., F. D. Schoorman, and L. Donaldson (1997). “Toward A Stewardship Theory of Management,” Academy of Management Review 22(1), 20–47.
  • De mello‐sampayo, F. (2009). “Competing‐Destinations Gravity Model: An Application to the Geographic Distribution of FDI,” Applied Economics 41(17), 2237–2253.
  • Debaere, P., H. Lee, and J. Lee (2010). “It Matters Where You Go: Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Employment Growth at Home,” Journal of Development Economics 91(2), 301–309.
  • Desai, M. A., C. F. Foley, and J. R. Hines Jr (2005). “Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Economic Activity,” NBER Working Papers, No. 11717.
  • Dess, G. G., and R. B. Robinson (1984). “Measuring Organizational Performance in the Absence of Objective Measures: The Case of the Privately‐Held Firm and Conglomerate Business Unit,” Strategic Management Journal 5(3), 265–273.
  • Deutsche Bundesbank (2006). “German Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Relationships: Recent Trends and Macroeconomic Effects,” in Monthly Report September 2006, 43–58.
  • Donaldson, L., and J. H. Davis (1991). “Stewardship Theory Or Agency Theory—CEO Governance and Shareholder Returns,” Australian Journal of Management 16(1), 49–64.
  • Dunning, J. H. (1973). “The Determinants of International Production,” Oxford Economic Papers 25(3), 289–336.
  • Egger, P. (2008). “On the Role of Distance for Outward FDI,” Annals of Regional Science 42(2), 375–389.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M., and C. B. Schoonhoven (1990). “Organizational Growth: Linking Founding Team, Strategy, Environment, and Growth among U.S. Semiconductor Ventures, 1978–1988,” Administrative Science Quarterly 35(3), 504–529.
  • Eisenhower, D., N. A. Mathiowetz, and D. Morganstein (1991). “Recall Error: Sources and Bias Reduction Techniques,” in Measurement Errors in Surveys. Eds. P. B. Biemer, R. M. Groves, L. E. Lyberg, N. A. Mathiowetz and S. Sudman. New York: Wiley, 127–144.
  • Eisenmann, T. R. (2002). “The Effects of CEO Equity Ownership and Firm Diversification on Risk Taking,” Strategic Management Journal 23(6), 513–534.
  • Ekholm, K., R. Forslid, and J. R. Markusen (2007). “Export‐Platform Foreign Direct Investment,” Journal of the European Economic Association 5(4), 776–795.
  • Erramilli, M. K. (1990). “Entry Mode Choice in Service Industries,” International Marketing Review 7(5/6), 50–62.
  • Erramilli, M. K., and D. E. D'souza (1993). “Venturing into Foreign Markets: The Case of the Small Service Firm,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 17(4), 29–41.
  • Evans, M. G. (1985). “A Monte Carlo Study of the Effects of Correlated Method Variance in Moderated Multiple Regression Analysis,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 36(3), 305–323.
  • Faeth, I. (2009). “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment—A Tale of Nine Theoretical Models,” Journal of Economic Surveys 23(1), 165–196.
  • Fama, E. F., and M. C. Jensen (1985). “Organizational Forms and Investment Decisions,” Journal of Financial Economics 14(1), 101–119.
  • Feenstra, R. C., and G. H. Hanson (1996). “Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality,” American Economic Review 86(2), 240–245.
  • Flanagan, D. J., and K. C. O'shaughnessy (2005). “The Effect of Layoffs on Firm Reputation,” Journal of Management 31(3), 445–463.
  • Fraser, S., F. J. Greene, and K. F. Mole (2007). “Sources of Bias in the Recall of Self‐Generated Data: The Role of Anchoring,” British Journal of Management 18(2), 192–208.
  • Fuchs, C., and A. Diamantopoulos (2009). “Using Single‐Item Measures for Construct Measurement in Management Research: Conceptual Issues and Application Guidelines,” Business Administration Review 69(2), 195–210.
  • Gelbuda, M., K. E. Meyer, and A. Delios (2008). “International Business and Institutional Development in Central and Eastern Europe,” Journal of International Management 14(1), 1–11.
  • German Institute of SMEs—Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn (1997). Unternehmensgrößenstatistik 1997/98, Bonn, Germany.
  • Golden, B. R. (1992). “The past Is the past—Or Is It? The Use of Retrospective Accounts As Indicators of Past Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal 35(4), 848–860.
  • Gooderham, P., E. Parry, and K. Ringdal (2008). “The Impact of Bundles of Strategic Human Resource Management Practices on the Performance of European Firms,” International Journal of Human Resource Management 19(11), 2041–2056.
  • Grubel, H. G., and P. J. Lloyd (1971). “The Empirical Measurement of Intra‐Industry Trade,” Economic Record 47(120), 494–517.
  • Grubert, H., and J. Mutti (1991). “Taxes, Tariffs and Transfer Pricing in Multinational Corporate Decision Making,” Review of Economics and Statistics 73(2), 285–293.
  • Hammann, E.‐M., A. Habisch, and H. Pechlaner (2009). “Values That Create Value: Socially Responsible Business Practices in SMEs—Empirical Evidence from German Companies,” Business Ethics: A European Review 18(1), 37–51.
  • Hanson, G. H., R. J. Mataloni, and M. J. Slaughter (2003). “Expansion Abroad and the Domestic Operations of U.S. Multinational Firms,” Mimeo.
  • Harrison, A. E., M. S. Mcmillan, and C. Null (2007). “U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements,” Industrial Relations 46(2), 347–365.
  • Hayes, A. F., and J. Matthes (2009). “Computational Procedures for Probing Interactions in OLS and Logistic Regression: SPSS and SAS Implementations,” Behavior Research Methods 41(3), 924–936.
  • Helpman, E. (1984). “A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations,” Journal of Political Economy 92(3), 451–471.
  • Helpman, E., and P. R. Krugman (1985). Market Structure and Foreign Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Helpman, E., M. J. Melitz, and S. R. Yeaple (2004). “Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms,” American Economic Review 94(1), 300–316.
  • Hijzen, A., S. Jean, and T. Mayer (2009). “The Effects at Home of Initiating Production Abroad: Evidence from Matched French Firms,” CEPII Research Center Working Papers, (2009‐39).
  • Hill, C. W., and S. A. Snell (1989). “Effects of Ownership Structure and Control on Corporate Productivity,” Academy of Management Journal 32(1), 25–46.
  • Hoetker, G. (2007). “The Use of Logit and Probit Models in Strategic Management Research: Critical Issues,” Strategic Management Journal 28(4), 331–343.
  • Huber, G. P., and D. J. Power (1985). “Retrospective Reports of Strategic‐Level Managers: Guidelines for Increasing Their Accuracy,” Strategic Management Journal 6(2), 171–180.
  • Hymer, S. H. (1976). A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction Effects in Logistic Regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • James, H. S. (1999). “Owner as Manager, Extended Horizons and the Family Firm,” International Journal of the Economics of Business 6(1), 41–55.
  • Jantunen, A., N. Nummela, K. Puumalainen, and S. Saarenketo (2008). “Strategic Orientations of Born Globals—Do They Really Matter?,” Journal of World Business 43(2), 158–170.
  • Jenkins, H. (2004). “A Critique of Conventional CSR Theory: An SME Perspective,” Journal of General Management 29(4), 37–57.
  • Jensen, M. C., and W. H. Meckling (1976). “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics 3(4), 305–360.
  • Jürges, H. (2007). “Unemployment, Life Satisfaction and Retrospective Error,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A 170(1), 43–61.
  • Klodt, H. (2004). “Mehr Arbeitsplätze durch Auslandsinvestitionen,” Die Weltwirtschaft 55(4), 373–389.
  • Knight, G. (2000). “Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategy: The SME Under Globalization,” Journal of International Marketing 8(2), 12–32.
  • Konings, J., and A. P. Murphy (2006). “Do Multinational Enterprises Relocate Employment to Low‐Wage Regions? Evidence from European Multinationals,” Review of World Economics 142(2), 267–286.
  • Lane, P. J., A. A. Cannella, and M. H. Lubatkin (1998). “Agency Problems As Antecedents to Unrelated Mergers and Diversification: Amihud and Lev Reconsidered,” Strategic Management Journal 19(6), 555–578.
  • Le breton‐miller, I., and D. Miller (2006). “Why Do Some Family Businesses Out‐Compete? Governance, Long‐Term Orientations, and Sustainable Capability,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 30(6), 731–746.
  • Lee, P. M., and H. M. O'neill (2003). “Ownership Structures and R&D Investments of US and Japanese Firms: Agency and Stewardship Perspectives,” Academy of Management Journal 46(2), 212–225.
  • Long, J. S. (1997). Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Love, G. E., and M. Kraatz (2009). “Character, Conformity, or the Bottom Line? How and Why Downsizing Affected Corporate Reputation,” Academy of Management Journal 52(2), 314–335.
  • Lu, J. W., and P. W. Beamish (2001). “The Internationalization and Performance of SMEs,” Strategic Management Journal 22, 565–586.
  • Mankelow, G. (2008). “Social Responsibility Paradox of Small Business Human Resource Management Practices,” International Journal of Human Resource Management 19(12), 2171–2181.
  • Marin, D. (2004). “A Nation of Poets and Thinkers—Less So with Eastern Enlargement?,” Austria and Germany, CEPR Discussion Paper.
  • Markusen, J. R., and K. E. Maskus (2002). “Discriminating Among Alternative Theories of the Multinational Enterprise,” Review of International Economics 10(4), 694–707.
  • Mcclelland, G. H., and C. M. Judd (1993). “Statistical Difficulties of Detecting Interactions and Moderator Effects,” Psychological Bulletin 114(2), 376–390.
  • Meyer, K. E., and A. Skak (2002). “Networks, Serendipity and SME Entry into Eastern Europe,” European Management Journal 20(2), 179–188.
  • Miller, D., and I. Le breton‐miller (2006). “Lessons from Family Firms about Managing for the Long Run,” Leader to Leader 2006(39), 13–17.
  • Molnar, M., N. Pain, and D. Taglioni (2007). “The Internationalisation of Production, International Outsourcing and Employment in the OECD,” OECD Economic Department Working Papers, No. 561.
  • Moulton, B. R. (1990). “An Illustration of A Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Units,” Review of Economics and Statistics 72(2), 334–338.
  • Murillo, D., and J. Lozano (2006). “SMEs and CSR: An Approach to CSR in Their Own Words,” Journal of Business Ethics 67(3), 227–240.
  • Norton, E. C., H. Wang, and C. Ai (2004). “Computing Interaction Effects and Standard Errors in Logit and Probit Models,” The Stata Journal 4(2), 154–167.
  • Nummela, N., K. Puumalainen, and S. Saarenketo (2005). “International Growth Orientation of Knowledge‐Intensive SMEs,” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 3(1), 5–18.
  • Nunnally, J. C., and I. H. Bernstein (1994). Psychometric Theory, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw‐Hill.
  • OECD (1996). Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, 3rd ed. Paris, France: OECD.
  • OECD (2005). “Trade‐Adjustment Costs in OECD Labour Markets: A Mountain or a Molehill,” in OECD Employment Outlook, 23–72.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., and D. W. Organ (1986). “Self‐Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects,” Journal of Management 12(4), 531–544.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. Mackenzie, J.‐Y. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff (2003). “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies,” Journal of Applied Psychology 88(5), 879–903.
  • Poon, W.‐Y., K. Leung, and S.‐Y. Lee (2002). “The Comparison of Single Item Constructs by Relative Mean and Relative Variance,” Organizational Research Methods 5(3), 275–298.
  • Robertson, R. (2004). “Relative Prices and Wage Inequality: Evidence from Mexico,” Journal of International Economics 64(2), 387–409.
  • Rossiter, J. R. (2002). “The C‐OAR‐SE Procedure for Scale Development in Marketing,” International Journal of Research in Marketing 19(4), 305–335.
  • Sackett, P. R., and J. R. Larson (1990). “Research Strategies and Tactics in Industrial and Organizational Psychology,” Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed. Eds. M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 419–489.
  • Scarpello, V., and S. M. Carraher (2008). “Are Pay Satisfaction and Pay Fairness the Same Construct?: A Cross‐Country Examination among the Self‐Employed in Latvia, Germany, the UK, and the USA,” Baltic Journal of Management 3(1), 23–39.
  • Schwens, C., and R. Kabst (2009). “How Early Opposed to Late Internationalizers Learn: Experience of Others and Paradigms of Interpretation,” International Business Review 18(5), 509–522.
  • Seidel, T. (2004). “Globalisierung und Arbeitsmärkte: Welche Auswirkungen haben Standortverlagerungen für Deutschland,” ifo Dresden berichtet 5, 23–28.
  • Shuman, J. C., and J. A. Seeger (1986). “The Theory and Practice of Strategic Management in Smaller Rapid Growth Firms,” American Journal of Small Business 11(1), 7–18.
  • Slangen, A. H. L., and J.‐F. Hennart (2008). “Do Foreign Greenfields Outperform Foreign Acquisitions or Vice Versa? An Institutional Perspective,” Journal of Management Studies 45(7), 1301–1328.
  • Sobel, M. E. (1982). “Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models,” in Sociological Methodology 1982. Ed. S. Leinhardt. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 290–312.
  • Spence, L. J. (1999). “Does Size Matter? The State of the Art in Small Business Ethics,” Business Ethics: A European Review 8(3), 163–174.
  • Stavrou, E., G. Kassinis, and A. Filotheou (2007). “Downsizing and Stakeholder Orientation Among the Fortune 500: Does Family Ownership Matter?,” Journal of Business Ethics 72(2), 149–162.
  • Thakor, A. V. (1990). “Investment ‘Myopia’ and the Internal Organization of Capital Allocation Decisions,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 6(1), 129–154.
  • Velicer, W. F. (1976). “Determining the Number of Components from the Matrix of Partial Correlations,” Psychometrika 41(3), 321–327.
  • Wanous, J. P., A. E. Reichers, and M. J. Hudy (1997). “Overall Job Satisfaction: How Good Are Single‐Item Measures?,” Journal of Applied Psychology 82(2), 247–252.
  • Wheeler, D., and A. Mody (1992). “International Investment Location Decisions: The Case of U.S. Firms,” Journal of International Economics 33(1–2), 57–76.
  • Whisman, M. A., and G. H. Mcclelland (2005). “Designing, Testing, and Interpreting Interactions and Moderator Effects in Family Research,” Journal of Family Psychology 19(1), 111–120.
  • Yeaple, S. R. (2003). “The Complex Integration Strategies of Multinationals and Cross Country Dependencies in the Structure of Foreign Direct Investment,” Journal of International Economics 60(2), 293–314.
  • Zapkau, F. B., C. Schwens, and R. Kabst (2010). “Die Wirkung Auslandischer Direktinvestitionen Auf Die Beschaftigung Im Heimatmarkt: Eine Empirische Analyse Des Deutschen Mittelstands,” Zeitschrift Für Betriebswirtschaft 80(7–8), 797–819.
  • Zellweger, T. (2007). “Time Horizon, Costs of Equity Capital, and Generic Investment Strategies of Firms,” Family Business Review 20(1), 1–15.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.