1,939
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Issue Article

Gender Characterizations in Entrepreneurship: A Multi‐Level Investigation of Sex‐Role Stereotypes about High‐Growth, Commercial, and Social EntrepreneursFootnote*

Pages 131-153 | Published online: 11 Nov 2019

References

  • Abele, A. E., and B. Wojciszke (2007). “Agency and Communion from the Perspective of Self versus Others,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 751–763.
  • Achtenhagen, L., and F. Welter (2011). “‘Surfing on the Ironing Board’ – The Representation of Women’s Entrepreneurship in German Newspapers,” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23(9–10 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 763–786.
  • Aguinis, H., and S. O. Lawal (2012). “Conducting Field Experiments Using eLancing’s Natural Environment,” Journal of Business Venturing 27, 493–505.
  • Ahl, H. (2006). “Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 595–621.
  • Ahl, H. (2007). “Sex Business in the Toy Store: A Narrative Analysis of a Teaching Case,” Journal of Business Venturing 22, 673–693.
  • Ahl, H., and S. Marlow (2012). “Exploring the Dynamics of Gender, Feminism and Entrepreneurship: Advancing Debate to Escape a Dead End?,” Organization 19(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 543–562.
  • Anastas, J. W. (2007). “Theorizing (In) Equity for Women in Social Work,” Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work 22(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 235–239.
  • Austin, J., H. Stevenson, and J. Wei‐skillern (2006). “Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different or Both?,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1–22.
  • Balachandra, L., T. Briggs, K. Eddleston, and C. Brush (2017). “Don’t Pitch Like A Girl! How Gender Stereotypes Influence Investor Decisions,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717728028.
  • Barreto, M., and N. Ellemers (2005). “The Burden of Benevolent Sexism: How It Contributes to the Maintenance of Gender Inequalities,” European Journal of Social Psychology 35(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 633–642.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). “Measurment of Psychological Androgyny,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 155–162.
  • Berinsky, A. J., G. A. Huber, and G. S. Lenz (2012). “Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk,” Political Analysis 20(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 351–368.
  • Birch, D. L. (1981). “Who Creates Jobs?,” Public Interest 65, 3–14.
  • Bolton, S., and D. Muzio (2008). “The Paradoxical Processes of Feminization in the Professions: The Case of Established, Aspiring and Semi‐professions,” Work, Employment and Society 22(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 281–299.
  • Booysen, L., and S. Nkomo (2010). “Gender Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics: The Case of South Africa,” Gender in Management 25(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 285–300.
  • Boyce, L. A., and A. M. Herd (2003). “The Relationship between Gender Role Stereotypes and Requisite Military Leadership Characteristics,” Sex Roles 49(7–8 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 365–378.
  • Brenner, O. C., J. Tomkiewicz, and V. E. Schein (1989). “The Relationship between Sex‐role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics Revisited,” Academy of Management Journal 32(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 662–669.
  • Bruni, A., S. Gherardi, and B. Poggio (2004). “Entrepreneur‐mentality, Gender and the Study of Women Entrepreneurs,” Journal of Organizational Change Management 17(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 256–268.
  • Bosak, J., S. Scezny, and A. H. Eagly (2012). “The Impact of Social Role on Trait Judgments: a Critical Re‐examination,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 429–440.
  • Brush, C. G., A. De bruin, and F. Welter (2009). “A Gender‐Aware Framework for Women’s Entrepreneurship,” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 1(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 8–24.
  • Calás, M. B., L. Smircich, and K. A. Bourne (2009). “Extending the Boundaries: Reframing ‘Entrepreneurship as Social Change’ through Feminist Perspectives,” Academy of Management Review 34(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 552–569.
  • Campbell, B., E. G. Schellenberg, and C. Y. Senn (1997). “Evaluating Measures of Contemporary Sexism,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 21(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 89–102.
  • Chatman, J. A. (1991). “Matching People and Organizations: Selection and Socialization in Public Accounting Firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly 36(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 459–484.
  • Chiles, T. H., A. C. Bluedorn, and V. K. Gupta (2007). “Beyond Creative Destruction and Entrepreneurial Discovery: A Radical Austrian Approach to Entrepreneurship,” Organization Studies 28(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 467–493.
  • Coad, A., S. O. Daunfeldt, W. Holzl, D. Johansson, and P. Nightingale (2014). “High‐Growth Firms: Introduction to the Special Section,” Industrial and Corporate Change 23(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 91–112.
  • Conway, M., M. T. Pizzamiglio, and L. Mount (1996). “Status, Communality, and Agency: Implications for Stereotypes of Gender and Other Groups,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 25–38.
  • Dacin, M. T., P. A. Dacin, and P. Tracey (2011). “Social Entrepreneurship: A Critique and Future Directions,” Organization Science 22(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1203–1213.
  • Deal, J. J., and M. A. Stevenson (1998). “Perceptions of Female and Male Managers in the 1990s: Plus Ca Change,” Sex Roles 38(3–4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 287–300.
  • Deaux, K., and B. Major (1987). “Putting Gender into Context: An Interactive Model of Gender‐related Behavior,” Psychological Review 94(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 369–382.
  • Devine, P. G., and A. J. Elliot (1995). “Are Racial Stereotypes Really Fading? The Princeton Trilogy Revisited,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, 1139–1150.
  • Diekman, A. B., and W. Goodfriend (2006). “Rolling with The Changes: A Role Congruity Perspective on Gender Norms,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 30(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 369–383.
  • Diekman, A. B., and A. H. Eagly (2000). “Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, 1171–1188.
  • Duehr, E. E., and J. E. Bono (2006). “Men, Women, and Managers: Are Stereotypes Finally Changing?,” Personnel Psychology 59(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 815–846.
  • Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social‐Role Interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Eagly, A. H., and S. J. Karau (2002). “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders,” Psychological Review 109(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H., M. G. Makhijani, and B. G. Klonsky (1992). “Gender and the Evaluation of Leaders: a Meta‐analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 111(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 3–22.
  • Eagly, A. H., and A. A. Mitchell (2004). “Implications for the Sociopolitical Attitudes of Women and Men,” in The Psychology of Gender. Ed. M. A. Paludi. Westport, CT: Praeger Publications, 183–202.
  • Eagly, A. H., and A. Mladinic (1994). “Are People Prejudiced Against Women? Some Answers From Research on Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Judgments of Competence,” European Review of Social Psychology 5(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1–35.
  • Eagly, A. H., W. Wood, and A. B. Diekman (2000). “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal,” in The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Eds. T. Eckes and H. M. Trautner. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 123–174.
  • Eagly, A. H., W. Wood, and M. C. Schmidt (2004). “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: Implications for The Partner Preferences of Women and Men,” in The Psychology of Gender. Eds. A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, and R. J. Sternberg. New York: Guilford Press, 269–295.
  • Easterbrook, W. T. (1949). “Possibilities for a Realistic Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Climate of Enterprise,” American Economic Review 39(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 322–335.
  • Estrin, S., T. Mickiewic, and U. Stephan (2013). “Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Institutions: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship across Nations,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 479–504.
  • England, P. (2005). “Emerging Theories of Care Work,” Annual Review of Sociology 31, 381–399.
  • England, P., P. Allison, and Y. Wu (2007). “Does Bad Pay Cause Occupations to Feminize, Does Feminization Reduce Pay, and How Can We Tell with Longitudinal Data?,” Social Science Research 36(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1237–1256.
  • Fagenson, E. A., and E. C. Marcus (1991). “Perceptions of the Sex‐Role Stereotypic Characteristics of Entrepreneurs: Women’s Evaluations,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 15(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 33–47.
  • Fiske, S. T., A. J. Cuddy, P. Glick, and J. Xu (2002). “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82(6 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 878–902.
  • Gabriel, S., and W. L. Gardner (1999). “Are There ‘His’ and ‘Hers’ Types of Interdependence? The Implications of Gender Differences in Collective versus Relational Interdependence for Affect, Behavior, and Cognition,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 642–655.
  • Glick, P., and S. T. Fiske (1996). “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 491–512.
  • Gregoire, D. A., A. C. Corbett, and J. S. Mcmullen (2011). “The Cognitive Perspective in Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Future Research,” Journal of Management Studies 48(6 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1443–1447.
  • Gundry, L. K., and H. P. Welsch (2001). “The Ambitious Entrepreneur: High Growth Strategies of Women‐Owned Enterprises,” Journal of Business Venturing 16(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 453–470.
  • Gupta, V., and C. Fernandez (2009). “Cross‐cultural Similarities and Differences in Characteristics Attributed to Entrepreneurs: A Three‐Nation Study,” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 15(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 304–318.
  • Gupta, V. K., D. B. Turban, and A. Pareek (2013). “Differences between Men and Women in Opportunity Evaluation as a Function of Gender Stereotypes and Stereotype Activation,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 771–788.
  • Gupta, V. K., A. B. Goktan, and G. Gunay (2014). “Gender Differences in Evaluation of New Business Opportunity: A Stereotype Threat Perspective,” Journal of Business Venturing 29(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 273–288.
  • Gupta, V. K., D. B. Turban, and N. M. Bhawe (2008). “The Effect of Gender Stereotype Activation on Entrepreneurial Intentions,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1053–61.
  • Gupta, V. K., D. B. Turban, S. A. Wasti, and A. Sikdar (2009). “The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Intentions to Become an Entrepreneur,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33, 397–417.
  • Hechavarría, D. M., A. Ingram, R. Justo, and S. Terjesen (2012). “Are Women More Likely to Pursue Social and Environmental Entrepreneurship,” in Global Women’s Entrepreneurship Research: Diverse Settings, Questions and Approaches. Eds. K. D. Hughes and J. E. Jennings. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 135–151.
  • Hechavarría, D. M., and A. E. Ingram (2016). “The Entrepreneurial Gender Divide: Hegemonic Masculinity, Emphasized Femininity and Organizational Forms,” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 242–281.
  • Hechavarría, D. M., S. A. Terjesen, A. E. Ingram, M. Renko, R. Justo, and A. Elam (2017). “Taking Care of Business: The Impact of Culture and Gender on Entrepreneurs’ Blended Value Creation Goals,” Small Business Economics 48(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 225–257.
  • Harrison, R., C. Leitch, and M. Mcadam (2015). “Breaking Glass: Toward a Gendered Analysis of Entrepreneurial Leadership,” Journal of Small Business Management 53(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 693–713.
  • Heilman, M. E., C. J. Block, R. F. Martell, and M. C. Simon (1989). “Has Anything Changed? Current Characterizations of Men, Women, and Managers,” Journal of Applied Psychology 74, 935–942.
  • Heilman, M. E., and J. J. Chen (2003). “Entrepreneurship as a Solution: The Allure of Self‐employment for Women and Minorities,” Human Resource Management Review 13, 347–364.
  • Hmieleski, K. M., and L. D. Sheppard (2018). “The Yin and Yang of Entrepreneurship: Gender Differences in the Importance of Communal and Agentic Characteristics for Entrepreneurs’ Subjective Well‐Being and Performance,” Journal of Business Venturing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.06.006.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work‐Related Values. New York: Sage.
  • Hsu, D. K., J. Wiklund, and R. D. Cotton (2017). “Success, Failure, and Entrepreneurial Reentry: An Experimental Assessment of the Veracity of Self‐efficacy and Prospect Theory,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 19–47.
  • Jarillo, J. C. (1989). “Entrepreneurship and Growth: The Strategic Use of External Resources,” Journal of Business Venturing 4(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 133–147.
  • Jennings, J. E., and C. G. Brush (2013). “Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (And From) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature,” Academy of Management Annals 7(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 663–715.
  • Jennings, J. E., and M. S. Mcdougald (2007). “Work‐Family Interface Experiences and Coping Strategies: Implications for Entrepreneurship Research and Practice,” Academy of Management Review 32(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 747–760.
  • Jones, E. E. (1990). Interpersonal Perception. New York: Macmillan.
  • Jost, J. T., and A. C. Kay (2005). “Exposure to Benevolent Sexism and Complementary Gender Stereotypes: Consequences for Specific and Diffuse Forms of System Justification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 498–509.
  • Jost, J. T., M. R. Banaji, and B. A. Nosek (2004). “A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo,” Political Psychology 25(6 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 881–919.
  • Kite, M. E., K. Deaux, and E. L. Haines (2008). “Gender Stereotypes,” in Psychology of Women: A Handbook of Issues and Theories. Eds. F. L. Denmark and M. A. Paludi. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 205–236.
  • Koenig, A. M., and A. H. Eagly (2014). “Evidence for the Social Role Theory of Stereotype Content: Observations of Groups’ Roles Shape Stereotypes,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 371–392.
  • Koenig, A. M., A. H. Eagly, A. A. Mitchell, and T. Ristikari (2011). “Are Leader Stereotypes Masculine? A Meta‐Analysis of Three Research Paradigms,” Psychological Bulletin 137(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 616–642.
  • Kotha, R., and G. George (2012). “Friends, Family, or Fools: Entrepreneur Experience and Its Implications for Equity Distribution and Resource Mobilization,” Journal of Business Venturing 27(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 525–543.
  • Kunkel, A., M. R. Dennis, and R. Waters (2003). “Contemporary University Students’ Ratings of Characterestics of Men, Women, and CEOs,” Psychological Reports 93, 1197–1213.
  • Lachmann, L. M. (1986). The Market as an Economic Process. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Leslie, L. M., C. F. Manchester, and P. C. Dahm (2017). “Why and When Does the Gender Gap Reverse? Diversity Goals and the Pay Premium for High Potential Women,” Academy of Management Journal 60(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 402–432.
  • Lewis, P. (2006). “The Quest for Invisibility: Female Entrepreneurs and the Masculine Norm of Entrepreneurship,” Gender, Work, and Organization 13(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 453–459.
  • Levanon, A., P. England, and P. Allison (2009). “Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000 U.S. Census Data,” Social Forces 88(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 865–891.
  • Mair, J., and I. Marti (2004). “Social Entrepreneurship: What Are We Talking About? A Framework for Future Research,” IESE Business School Working Paper, No. D/546.
  • Malmström, M., J. Johansson, and J. Wincent (2017). “Gender Stereotypes and Venture Support Decisions: How Governmental Venture Capitalists Socially Construct Entrepreneurs’ Potential,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 833–860.
  • Marlow, S., F. J. Greene, and A. Coad (2018). “Advancing Gendered Analyses of Entrepreneurship: A Critical Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity among Gay Men and Lesbian Women,” British Journal of Management 29(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 118–135.
  • Marlow, S. (2002). “Self‐Employed Women: A Part of or Apart from Feminist Theory?,” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 83–91.
  • Marlow, S., and D. Patton (2005). “All Credit to Men? Entrepreneurship, Gender and Finance,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29(6 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 717–735.
  • Mason, W., and S. Suri (2012). “Conducting Behavioral Research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk,” Behavior Research Methods 44(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1–23.
  • Meyer, V., S. Tegtmeier, and S. Pakura (2017). “Revisited: How Gender Role Stereotypes Affect the Image of Entrepreneurs among Young Adults,” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 319–337.
  • Mirchandani, K. (1999). “Legitimizing Work: Telework and the Gendered Reification of the Work‐Nonwork Dichotomy,” Canadian Review of Sociology 36(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 87–107.
  • Moss‐racusin, C., J. Dovidio, V. Brescoll, M. Graham, and J. Handelsman (2012). “Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases favor Male Students,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(41 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 16474–16479.
  • Mueller, S., T. Volery, and B. Von siemens (2012). “What Do Entrepreneurs Actually Do? An Observational Study of Entrepreneurs’ Everyday Behavior in the Start‐up and Growth Stages,” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 36(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 995–1017.
  • Nelson, L. J., and D. T. Miller (1995). “The Distinctiveness Effect in Social Categorization: You Are What Makes You Unusual,” Psychological Science 6(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 246–249.
  • Nelson, T., and L. L. Levesque (2007). “The Status of Women in Corporate Governance in High‐Growth, High‐Potential Firms,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 209–232.
  • Nosek, B. A., A. G. Greenwald, and M. R. Banaji (2007). “The Implicit Association Test at Age 7: A Methodological and Conceptual Review,” in Frontiers of Social Psychology. Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes. Ed. J. A. Bargh. New York: Psychology Press, 265–292.
  • Ogbor, J. O. (2000). “Mythicizing and Reification in Entrepreneurial Discourse: Ideology‐Critique of Entrepreneurial Studies,” Journal of Management Studies 37(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 605–635.
  • O’reilly, C., J. A. Chatman, and D. Caldwell (1991). “People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person‐Organization Fit,” Academy of Management Journal 34(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 487–516.
  • Paolacci, G., J. Chandler, and P. Ipeirotis (2010). “Running Experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk,” Judgment and Decision Making 5(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 411–419.
  • Parker, S. C. (2018). The Economics of Entrepreneurship, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pollack, J. M. (2011). “Implicit Theories of Entrepreneurship,” in World Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 247–248.
  • Riquelme, H., and J. Watson (2002). “Do Venture Capitalists’ Implicit Theories on New Business Success/Failure Have Empirical Validity?,” International Small Business Journal 20(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 395–420.
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1985). “Issues of Level in Organizational Research: Multi‐Level and Cross‐Level Perspectives,” Research in Organizational Behavior 7, 1–37.
  • Ryan, M. K., and S. A. Haslam (2005). “The Glass Cliff: Evidence That Women Are Over‐Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions,” British Journal of Management 16(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 81–90.
  • Ryan, M. K., S. A. Haslam, M. D. Hersby, and R. Bongiorno (2011). “Think Crisis‐Think Female: The Glass Cliff and Contextual Variation in the Think Manager‐Think Male Stereotype,” Journal of Applied Psychology 96(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 470–484.
  • Santos, F. J., M. A. Roomi, and F. Linan (2016). “About Gender Differences and the Social Environment in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions,” Journal of Small Business Management 54(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 49–66.
  • Sarin, R., and A. Wieland (2016). “Risk Aversion for Decisions under Uncertainty: Are There Gender Differences?,” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 60, 1–8.
  • Schaumberg, R. L., and F. J. Flynn (2017). “Self‐Reliance: A Gender Perspective on Its Relationship to Communality and Leadership Evaluations,” Academy of Management Journal 60(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1859–1868.
  • Schein, V. E. (1973). “The Relationship between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics,” Journal of Applied Psychology 57(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 95–100.
  • Schein, E. H. (1975). “The Relationship between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics among Female Managers,” Journal of Applied Psychology 60, 340–344.
  • Schein, V. E. (2001). “A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women’s Progress in Management,” Journal of Social Issues 57, 675–688.
  • Schein, V., and R. Mueller (1992). “Sex Role Stereotyping and Requisite Management Characteristics: A Cross Cultural Look,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 13(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 439–452.
  • Schein, V., R. Mueller, T. Lituchy, and J. Liu (1996). “Think Manager – Think Male: A Global Phenomenon?,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 17(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 33–41.
  • Shane, S. (2009). “Why Encouraging More People to Become Entrepreneurs Is Bad Public Policy,” Small Business Economics 33(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 141–149.
  • Shane, S. (2008). The Illusions of Entrepreneurship: The Costly Myths That Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Policy Makers Live By. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Shinnar, R. S., O. Giacomin, and F. Janssen (2012). “Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions: The Role of Gender and Culture,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 36(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 465–493.
  • Spence, J. T. (1985). “Achievement American Style: The Rewards and Costs of Individualism,” American Psychologist 40(12 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 1285–1295.
  • Stangor, C., and J. T. Jost (1997). “Commentary: Individual, Group and System Levels of Analysis and Their Relevance for Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations,” in The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life. Eds. R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, and S. A. Haslam. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 336–358.
  • Steffens, P., P. Davidsson, and J. Fitzsimmons (2009). “Performance Configurations Over Time: Implications for Growth‐ and Profit‐Oriented Strategies,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 125–148.
  • Stangor, C., and M. Schaller (2000). “Stereotypes as Individual and Collective Representations,” in Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings. Ed. C. Stangor. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press, 64–83.
  • Steyaert, C., and D. Hjorth (2003). New Movements in Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
  • Sullivan, D. M., and W. R. Meek (2012). “Gender and Entrepreneurship: A Review and Process Model,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 27(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 428–458.
  • Sumer, H. C. (2006). “Women in Management: Still Waiting to Be Full Members of the Club,” Sex Roles 55(1–2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 63–72.
  • Swim, J. K., K. J. Aikin, W. S. Hall, and B. A. Hunter (1995). “Sexism and Racism: Old‐Fashioned and Modern Prejudices,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 199–214.
  • Terjesen, S., N. Bosma, and E. Stam (2016). “Advancing Public Policy for High‐Growth, Female, and Social Entrepreneurs,” Public Administration Review 76(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 230–239.
  • Thébaud, S. (2010). “Gender and Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice: Do Self‐Assessments of Ability Matter?,” Social Psychology Quarterly 73(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 288–304.
  • Townsend, J. M. (1998). What Women Want‐What Men Want: Why the Sexes Still See Love and Commitment So Differently. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Watkins, M. B., S. Kaplan, A. Brief, A. Shull, J. Dietz, M. T. Mansfield, and R. Cohen (2006). “Does It Pay to Be a Sexist? The Relationship between Modern Sexism and Career Outcomes,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 69, 524–537.
  • Van praag, C. M., and P. Versloot (2007). “What Is the Value of Entrepreneurship? A Review of Recent Research,” Small Business Economics 29(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 351–382.
  • Verheul, I., L. Uhlaner, and R. Thurik (2005). “Business Accomplishments, Gender and Entrepreneurial Self‐Image,” Journal of Business Venturing 20(4 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 483–518.
  • Welter, F., T. Baker, D. B. Audretsch, and W. B. Gartner (2016). “Everyday Entrepreneurship: A Call for Entrepreneurship Research to Embrace Entrepreneurial Diversity,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 311–321.
  • West, C., and D. H. Zimmerman (1991). “Doing Gender,” in The Social Construction of Gender. Eds. J. Lorber and S. A. Farrell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 13–37.
  • Wilson, F., and S. Tagg (2010). “Social Constructionism and Personal Constructivism: Getting the Business Owner’s View on the Role of Sex and Gender,” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 2(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 68–82.
  • Yang, T., and H. E. Aldrich (2014). “Who’s the Boss? Explaining Gender Inequality in Entrepreneurial Teams,” American Sociological Review 79(2 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 303–327.
  • Yousafzai, S. Y., S. Saeed, and M. Muffatto (2015). “Institutional Theory and Contextual Embeddedness of Women's Entrepreneurial Leadership: Evidence from 92 Countries,” Journal of Small Business Management 53(3 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 587–604.
  • Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman (2009). “A Typology of Social Entrepreneurs: Motives, Search Processes and Ethical Challenges,” Journal of Business Venturing 24(5 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 519–532.
  • Zawadzki, M. J., S. A. Shields, C. L. Danube, and J. K. Swim (2014). “Reducing the Endorsement of Sexism Using Experiential Learning: The Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation WAGES,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 38(1 High Growth Women's Entrepreneurship), 75–92.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.