843
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Flexible Work Options and Mothers' Perceptions of Career Harm

&
Pages 168-195 | Published online: 28 Nov 2016

REFERENCES

  • AAPOR—The American Association for Public Opinion Research. 2008. Standard Definitions: Final Disposition of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. 5th ed. Deerfield, IL: AAPOR.
  • Acker, Joan. 1990. “Hierarchies, Jobs, and Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations.” Gender & Society 4:139–69.
  • Alarcon, Gene, Kevin J. Eschleman, and Nathan A. Bowling. 2009. “Relationships between Personality Variables and Burnout: A Meta-Analysis.” Work & Stress 23:244–63.
  • Allen, Tammy. 2001. “Family-Supportive Work Environments: The Role of Organizational Perceptions.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 58:414–35.
  • Allison, Paul D. 2002. Missing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Alwin, Duane F. and Jon A. Krosnick. 1991. “The Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurement.” Sociological Methods and Research 20:139–81.
  • Anderson, Deborah J., Melissa Binder, and Kate Krause. 2003. “The Motherhood Wage Penalty Revisted: Experience, Heterogeniety, Work Effort, and Work-Schedule Flexibility.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56:273–94.
  • Baker, Michael and Kevin Milligan. 2008. “How Does Job-Protected Maternity Leave Affect Mothers' Employment?” Journal of Labor Economics 26:655–91.
  • Baum, Charles L. 2003. “The Effect of State Maternity Leave Legislation and the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act on Employment and Wages.” Labour Economics 10:573–96.
  • Bentler, Peter M. 2004. Maximal Reliability for Unit-Weighted Composites. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Statistics Preprint No. 405.
  • Bianchi, Suzanne M., John P. Robinson, and Melissa A. Milkie. 2006. Changing Rhythms of American Family Life. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Blair-Loy, Mary and Amy S. Wharton. 2002. “Employees' Use of Work-Family Policies and the Workplace Social Context.” Social Forces 80:813–45.
  • Bollen, Kenneth A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
  • Bollen, Kenneth A. 2002. “Latent Variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Psychology 53:605–34.
  • Bollen, Kenneth A., Jennifer L. Glanville, and Guy Stecklov. 2007. “Socio-Economic Status, Permanent Income, and Fertility: A Latent-Variable Approach.” Population Studies 61:15–34.
  • Brown, Timothy A. 2006. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Browne, Irene and Joya Misra. 2003. “The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market.” Annual Review of Sociology 29:487–513.
  • Budig, Michelle and Paula England. 2001. “The Wage Penalty for Motherhood.” American Sociological Review 66:204–25.
  • Budig, Michelle J. and Melissa J. Hodges. 2010. “Differences in Disadvantage: Variation in the Motherhood Penalty across White Women's Earnings Distribution.” American Sociological Review 75:705–28.
  • Cameron, A. Colin and Pravin K. Triverdi. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Casey, Patrick R. and Joseph G. Grzywacz. 2008. “Employee Health and Well-Being: The Role of Flexibility and Work-Family Balance.” Psychologist-Manager Journal 11:31–47.
  • Cha, Youngjoo. 2010. “Reinforcing Separate Spheres: The Effect of Spousal Overwork on Men's and Women's Employment in Dual Earner Households.” American Sociological Review 75:303–29.
  • Charlesworth, Sara. 2005. “Managing Work and Family in the Shadow of Anti-Discrimination Law.” Law in Context 23:88–126.
  • Chong, Dennis and Dukhong Kim. 2006. “The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status among Racial and Ethnic Minorities.” The American Political Science Review 100:335–51.
  • Crowley, Jocelyn Elise. 2013. Mothers Unite! Organizing for Workplace Flexibility and the Transformation of Family Life. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Crowley, Jocelyn Elise and Marc D. Weiner. 2010. What Mothers Want: Workplace Flexibility in the Twenty-First Century: Report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
  • Davidson, Martin and Raymond A. Friedman. 1998. “When Excuses Don't Work: The Persistent Injustice Effect among Black Managers.” Administrative Sciences Quarterly 43:154–83.
  • Eaton, Susan C. 2003. “If You Can Use Them: Flexibility Policies, Organizational Commitment, and Perceived Performance.” Industrial Relations 42:145–67.
  • Furchgott-Roth, Diana and Christine Stolba. 1999. Women's Figures: An Illustrated Guide to the Economic Progress of Women in America. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
  • Gangl, Markus and Andrea Ziefle. 2009. “Motherhood, Labor Force Behavior, and Women's Careers: An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States.” Demography 46:341–69.
  • Gariety, Bonnie Sue and Sherrill Shaffer. 2001. “Wage Differentials Associated with Flextime.” Monthly Labor Review 124:68–75.
  • Gariety, Bonnie Sue and Sherrill Shaffer. 2007. “Wage Differentials Associated with Working at Home.” Monthly Labor Review 130:61–7.
  • Glass, Jennifer. 2004. “Blessing or Curse? Work-Family Policies and Mother's Wage Growth over Time.” Work and Occupations 31:367–94.
  • Glass, Jennifer and Tetsushi Fujimoto. 1995. “Employer Characteristics and the Provision of Family Responsive Policies.” Work and Occupations 22:380–411.
  • Glauber, Rebecca. 2011. “Limited Access: Gender, Occupational Composition, and Flexible Work Scheduling.” The Sociological Quarterly 52:472–94.
  • Goldman, Barry M., Barbara A. Gutek, Jordan H. Stein, and Kyle Lewis. 2006. “Employment Discrimination in Organizations: Antecedents and Consequences.” Journal of Management 32:786–830.
  • Gornick, Janet C. and Marcia K. Meyers. 2003. Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Grzywacz, Joseph G., Dawn S. Carlson, and Sandee Shulkin. 2008. “Schedule Flexibility and Stress: Linking Formal Flexible Arrangements and Perceived Flexibility to Employee Health.” Community, Work, and Family 11:199–214.
  • Hegewisch, Ariane and Janet C. Gornick. 2008. Statutory Routes to Workplace Flexibility in Cross-National Perspective. Washington, DC: Institute for Women's Policy Research.
  • Henly, Julia R., H. Luke Shaefer, and Elaine Waxman. 2006. “Nonstandard Work Schedules: Employer- and Employee-Driven Flexibility in Retail Jobs.” Social Service Review 80:609–34.
  • Hilbe, Joseph. 2011. Negative Binomial Regression. 2d ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hill, E. Jeffrey, Alan J. Hawkins, Maria Ferris, and Michelle Weitzman. 2001. “Finding an Extra Day a Week: The Positive Influence of Perceived Job Flexibility on Work and Family Life Balance.” Family Relations 50:49–54.
  • Hofferth, Sandra L. and Sally C. Curtin. 2006. “Parental Leave Statutes and Maternal Return to Work after Childbirth in the United States.” Work and Occupations 33:73–105.
  • Johnson, Nancy Brown and Keith G. Provan. 1995. “The Relationship between Work/Family Benefits and Earnings: A Test of Competing Predictions.” Journal of Socioeconomics 24:571–84.
  • Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1977. “Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women.” American Journal of Sociology 82:965–90.
  • Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen Leibowitz. 1999. “Job Continuity among New Mothers.” Demography 36:145–55.
  • Kohut, Andrew, Scott Keeter, Carroll Doherty, Michael Dimock, and Leah Christian. 2012. Assessing the Representativeness of Public Opinion Surveys. Washington, DC: The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press.
  • Kolenikov, Stanislav. 2009. “Confirmatory Factor Analysis Using Confa.” The Stata Journal 9:329–73.
  • Kossek, Ellen Ernst and Susan J. Lambert. 2005. “Work-Family Scholarship: Voice and Context.” Pp. 3–18 in Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectives, edited by Ellen Ernst Kossek and Susan J. Lambert. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Krieger, Nancy and Stephen Sidney. 1996. “Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study of Young Black and White Adults.” American Journal of Public Health 86:1370–8.
  • Lawley, Derrick Norman and Albert Maxwell. 1971. Factor Analysis as a Statistical Method. London: Butterworths.
  • Little, Roderick J. A. and Donald B. Rubin. 2002. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. 2d ed. New York: Wiley.
  • Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Marino, Teresa L., Charles Negy, Mary E. Hammons, Cliff McKinney, and Kia Asberg. 2007. “Perceptions of Ambiguously Unpleasant Interracial Interactions: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.” Journal of Psychology 141:637–63.
  • Martinengo, Giuseppe, Jenet I. Jacob, and E. Jeffrey Hill. 2010. “Gender and the Work-Family Interface: Exploring Differences across the Family Life Course.” Journal of Family Issues 31:1363–90.
  • Mennino, Sue Falter, Beth A. Rubin, and April Brayfield. 2005. “Home-to-Job and Job-to-Home Spillover: The Impact of Company Policies and Workplace Culture.” The Sociological Quarterly 46:107–35.
  • Minnotte, Krista Lynn. 2012. “Perceived Discrimination and Work-to-Life Conflict among Workers in the United States.” The Sociological Quarterly 53:188–210.
  • Minnotte, Krista Lynn, Alison Cook, and Michael C. Minnotte. 2010. “Occupation and Industry Sex Segregation, Gender, and Workplace Support: The Use of Flexible Scheduling Policies.” Journal of Family Issues 31:656–80.
  • Mulaik, Stanley A. 2009. Foundations of Factor Analysis. London: Chapman & Hall.
  • Naff, Katherine C. 1995. “Subjective vs. Objective Discrimination in Government: Adding to the Picture of Barriers to the Advancement of Women.” Political Research Quarterly 48:535–57.
  • Neath, Jeanne, Richard T. Roessler, Brian T. McMahon, and Phillip D. Rumrill. 2007. “Patterns in Perceived Employment Discrimination for Adults with Multiple Sclerosis.” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 29:255–74.
  • O'Neill, June E. and Solomon William Polachek. 1993. “Why the Gender Gap in Wages Narrowed in the 1980s.” Journal of Labor Economics 11:205–8.
  • Operario, Don and Susan T. Fiske. 2001. “Ethnic Identity Moderates Perceptions of Prejudice: Judgments of Personal versus Group Discrimination and Subtle versus Blatant Bias.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27:550–61.
  • Pavalko, Eliza K., Krysia N. Mossakowski, and Vanessa J. Hamilton. 2003. “Longitudinal Relationships between Work Discrimination and Women's Physical and Emotional Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44:18–33.
  • Pew. 2004. Polls Face Growing Resistance, but Still Representative. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for People and the Press.
  • Raykov, Tenko. 1997. “Estimation of Composite Reliability for Congeneric Measures.” Applied Psychological Measurement 21:173–84.
  • Reiter, Jerome P. 2007. “Small-Sample Degrees of Freedom for Multi-Component Significance Tests with Multiple Imputation for Missing Data.” Biometrika 94:502–8.
  • Richman, Amy L., Janet T. Civian, Laurie L. Shannon, E. Jeffrey Hill, and Robert T. Brennan. 2008. “The Relationship of Perceived Flexibility, Supportive Work-Life Policies, and Use of Formal Flexible Arrangements and Occasional Flexibility to Employee Engagement and Expected Retention.” Community, Work & Family 11:183–97.
  • Roth, Louise Marie. 2004. “The Social Psychology of Tokenism: Status and Homophily Processes on Wall Street.” Sociological Perspectives 47:189–214.
  • Royston, Patrick. 2004. “Multiple Imputation of Missing Values.” The Stata Journal 4:227–41.
  • Royston, Patrick. 2005. “Multiple Imputation of Missing Values: Update.” The Stata Journal 5:1–14.
  • Rubin, Donald. 1987. Multiple Imputation for Non-Response in Surveys. New York: Wiley.
  • Rubin, Donald. 1996. “Multiple Imputation after 18+ Years.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 91:473–89.
  • Sanchez, Juan I. and Petra Brock. 1996. “Outcomes of Perceived Discrimination among Hispanic Employees: Is Diversity Management a Luxury or a Necessity?” The Academy of Management Journal 39:704–19.
  • Schwartz, Felice N. 1989. “Management Women and the New Facts of Life.” Harvard Business Review January/February:65–76.
  • Sellers, Robert M. and J. Nicole Shelton. 2003. “Racial Identity, Discrimination, and Mental Health among African Americans.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84:1079–92.
  • Sigel, Roberta S. 1996. Ambition and Accommodation: How Women View Gender Relations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Sijtsma, Klaas. 2009. “On the Use, the Misuse, and the Very Limited Usefulness of Cronbach's Alpha.” Psychometrika 74:107–20.
  • Skrondal, Anders and Petter Laake. 2001. “Regression among Factor Scores.” Psychometrika 66:563–75.
  • Spector, Paul E. 2009. “The Role of Job Control in Employee Health and Well-Being.” Pp. 173–95 in International Handbook of Work and Health Psychology. 3d ed. edited by Cary L. Cooper, James Campbell Quick, and Marc J. Schabracq. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Taniguchi, Hiromi. 1999. “The Timing of Childbearing and Women's Wages.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 61:1008–19.
  • Thompson, Cynthia A., Laura L. Beauvais, and Karen S. Lyness. 1999. “When Work-Family Benefits Are Not Enough: The Influence of Work-Family Culture and Benefit Utilization, Organizational Attachment, and Work-Family Conflict.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 54:392–415.
  • Waldfogel, Jane. 1997. “The Effects of Children on Women's Wages.” American Sociological Review 62:209–17.
  • Waldfogel, Jane. 1998. “Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women with Children.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12:137–56.
  • Webber, Gretchen and Christine Williams. 2008. “Mothers in ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ Part-Time Jobs: Different Problems, Same Results.” Gender & Society 22:752–77.
  • White, Ian R., Patrick Royston, and Angela M. Wood. 2011. “Multiple Imputation Using Chained Equations: Issues and Guidance for Practice.” Statistics and Medicine 30:377–99.
  • Williams, Joan. 2000. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do about It. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Williams, Joan and Holly Cohen Cooper. 2004. “The Public Policy of Motherhood.” Journal of Social Issues 60:849–65.
  • Wood, Julia T. 2013. Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, & Culture. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.