43
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Targeted Activation of Conventional and Novel Protein Kinases C through Differential Translocation Patterns

, , &
Pages 2370-2381 | Received 09 Jan 2014, Accepted 08 Apr 2014, Published online: 20 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Wettschureck N, Offermanns S. 2005. Mammalian G proteins and their cell type specific functions. Physiol. Rev. 85:1159–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00003.2005.
  • Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD. 2000. The versatility and universality of calcium signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1:11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35036035.
  • Kazanietz MG. 2002. Novel “nonkinase” phorbol ester receptors: the C1 domain connection. Mol. Pharmacol. 61:759–767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.61.4.759.
  • Newton AC. 2010. Protein kinase C: poised to signal. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298:E395–E402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00477.2009.
  • Lipp P, Reither G. 2011. Protein kinase C: the “masters” of calcium and lipid. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 3:a004556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a004556.
  • Taylor SS, Ilouz R, Zhang P, Kornev AP. 2012. Assembly of allosteric macromolecular switches: lessons from PKA. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 13:646–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3432.
  • Battaini F, Mochly-Rosen D. 2007. Happy birthday protein kinase C: past, present and future of a superfamily. Pharmacol. Res. 55:461–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.05.005.
  • Steinberg SF. 2008. Structural basis of protein kinase C isoform function. Physiol. Rev. 88:1341–1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2007.
  • Griner EM, Kazanietz MG. 2007. Protein kinase C and other diacylglycerol effectors in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7:281–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2110.
  • Nishikawa K, Toker A, Johannes F-J, Songyang Z, Cantley LC. 1997. Determination of the specific substrate sequence motifs of protein kinase C isozymes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:952–960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.2.952.
  • Fujii K, Zhu G, Liu Y, Hallam J, Chen L, Herrero J, Shaw S. 2004. Kinase peptide specificity: improved determination and relevance to protein phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:13744–13749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401881101.
  • Newton AC. 2001. Protein kinase C: structural and spatial regulation by phosphorylation, cofactors, and macromolecular interactions. Chem. Rev. 101:2353–2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0002801.
  • Gallegos LL, Kunkel MT, Newton AC. 2006. Targeting protein kinase C activity reporter to discrete intracellular regions reveals spatiotemporal differences in agonist-dependent signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 281:30947–30956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M603741200.
  • Rosse C, Linch M, Kermorgant S, Cameron AJM, Boeckeler K, Parker PJ. 2010. PKC and the control of localized signal dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11:103–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2847.
  • Pearce LR, Komander D, Alessi DR. 2010. The nuts and bolts of AGC protein kinases. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11:9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2822.
  • Leonard TA, Różycki B, Saidi LF, Hummer G, Hurley JH. 2011. Crystal structure and allosteric activation of protein kinase CβII. Cell 144:55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.013.
  • Hucho TB, Dina OA, Levine JD. 2005. Epac mediates a cAMP-to-PKC signaling in inflammatory pain: an isolectin B4(+) neuron-specific mechanism. J. Neurosci. 25:6119–6126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0285-05.2005.
  • Reither G, Schaefer M, Lipp P. 2006. PKCalpha: a versatile key for decoding the cellular calcium toolkit. J. Cell Biol. 174:521–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200604033.
  • Lenz JC, Reusch HP, Albrecht N, Schultz G, Schaefer M. 2002. Ca2+-controlled competitive diacylglycerol binding of protein kinase C isoenzymes in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 159:291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200203048.
  • Shaner NC, Lin MZ, McKeown MR, Steinbach PA, Hazelwood KL, Davidson MW, Tsien RY. 2008. Improving the photostability of bright monomeric orange and red fluorescent proteins. Nat. Methods 5:545–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1209.
  • Hammer K, Ruppenthal S, Viero C, Scholz A, Edelmann L, Kaestner L, Lipp P. 2010. Remodelling of Ca2+ handling organelles in adult rat ventricular myocytes during long term culture. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 49:427–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.05.010.
  • Salonikidis PS, Niebert M, Ullrich T, Bao G, Zeug A, Richter DW. 2011. An ion-insensitive cAMP biosensor for long term quantitative ratiometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements under variable physiological conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 286:23419–23431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.236869.
  • Ponsioen B, Zhao J, Riedl J, Zwartkruis FJT, van der Krogt G, Zaccolo M, Moolenaar WH, Bos JL, Jalink K. 2004. Detecting cAMP-induced Epac activation by fluorescence resonance energy transfer: Epac as a novel cAMP indicator. EMBO Rep. 5:1176–1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400290.
  • Violin JD, Zhang J, Tsien RY, Newton AC. 2003. A genetically encoded fluorescent reporter reveals oscillatory phosphorylation by protein kinase C. J. Cell Biol. 161:899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200302125.
  • Bulbarelli A, Sprocati T, Barberi M, Pedrazzini E, Borgese N. 2002. Trafficking of tail-anchored proteins: transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane and sorting between surface domains in polarised epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 115:1689–1702.
  • Arthur WT, Quilliam LA, Cooper JA. 2004. Rap1 promotes cell spreading by localizing Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors. J. Cell Biol. 167:111–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200404068.
  • Li W, Yu JC, Shin DY, Pierce JH. 1995. Characterization of a protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta) ATP binding mutant. An inactive enzyme that competitively inhibits wild type PKC-delta enzymatic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 270:8311–8318.
  • Sumandea MP, Rybin VO, Hinken AC, Wang C, Kobayashi T, Harleton E, Sievert G, Balke CW, Feinmark SJ, Solaro RJ, Steinberg SF. 2008. Tyrosine phosphorylation modifies protein kinase C delta-dependent phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I. J. Biol. Chem. 283:22680–22689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M802396200.
  • English AR, Voeltz GK. 2013. Rab10 GTPase regulates ER dynamics and morphology. Nat. Cell Biol. 15:169–178.
  • Shim S-H, Xia C, Zhong G, Babcock HP, Vaughan JC, Huang B, Wang X, Xu C, Bi G-Q, Zhuang X. 2012. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging of organelles in live cells with photoswitchable membrane probes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109:13978–13983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201882109.
  • Friedman JR, Voeltz GK. 2011. The ER in 3D: a multifunctional dynamic membrane network. Trends Cell Biol. 21:709–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2011.07.004.
  • Allan C, Burel J-M, Moore J, Blackburn C, Linkert M, Loynton S, Macdonald D, Moore WJ, Neves C, Patterson A, Porter M, Tarkowska A, Loranger B, Avondo J, Lagerstedt I, Lianas L, Leo S, Hands K, Hay RT, Patwardhan A, Best C, Kleywegt GJ, Zanetti G, Swedlow JR. 2012. OMERO: flexible, model-driven data management for experimental biology. Nat. Methods 9:245–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1896.
  • Luisier F, Vonesch C, Blu T, Unser M. 2010. Fast interscale wavelet denoising of Poisson-corrupted images. Signal Process. 90:415–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2009.07.009.
  • Wlodarczyk J, Woehler A, Kobe F, Ponimaskin E, Zeug A, Neher E. 2008. Analysis of FRET signals in the presence of free donors and acceptors. Biophys. J. 94:986–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.111773.
  • Kohout SC, Corbalan-Garcia S, Torrecillas A, Gomez-Fernandez JC, Falke JJ. 2002. C2 domains of protein kinase C isoforms alpha, beta, and gamma: activation parameters and calcium stoichiometries of the membrane-bound state. Biochemistry 41:11411–11424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi026041k.
  • Bolsover SR, Gomez-Fernandez JC, Corbalan-Garcia S. 2003. Role of the Ca2+/phosphatidylserine binding region of the C2 domain in the translocation of protein kinase Calpha to the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 278:10282–10290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M212145200.
  • Verdaguer N, Corbalan-Garcia S, Ochoa WF, Fita I, Gomez-Fernandez JC. 1999. Ca2+ bridges the C2 membrane-binding domain of protein kinase Cα directly to phosphatidylserine. EMBO J. 18:6329–6338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.22.6329.
  • Churchill E, Budas G, Vallentin A, Koyanagi T, Mochly-Rosen D. 2008. PKC isozymes in chronic cardiac disease: possible therapeutic targets? Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 48:569–599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.121806.154902.
  • Sanchez-Bautista S, Corbalan-Garcia S, Perez-Lara A, Gomez-Fernandez JC. 2009. A comparison of the membrane binding properties of C1B domains of PKC gamma, PKC delta, and PKC epsilon. Biophys. J. 96:3638–3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.02.021.
  • Mochly-Rosen D, Das K, Grimes KV. 2012. Protein kinase C, an elusive therapeutic target? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11:937–957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3871.
  • Wu-Zhang AX, Newton AC. 2013. Protein kinase C pharmacology: refining the toolbox. Biochem. J. 452:195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20130220.
  • Communi D, Govaerts C, Parmentier M, Boeynaems JM. 1997. Cloning of a human purinergic P2Y receptor coupled to phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. J. Biol. Chem. 272:31969–31973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.51.31969.
  • Ullmann H, Meis S, Hongwiset D, Marzian C, Wiese M, Nickel P, Communi D, Boeynaems JM, Wolf C, Hausmann R, Schmalzing G, Kassack MU. 2005. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of suramin-derived P2Y(11) receptor antagonists with nanomolar potency. J. Med. Chem. 48:7040–7048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm050301p.
  • Talasila A, Germack R, Dickenson JM. 2009. Characterization of P2Y receptor subtypes functionally expressed on neonatal rat cardiac myofibroblasts. Br. J. Pharmacol. 158:339–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00172.x.
  • Christensen AE, Selheim F, de Rooij J, Dremier S, Schwede F, Dao KK, Martinez A, Maenhaut C, Bos JL, Genieser HG, Døskeland SO. 2003. cAMP analog mapping of Epac1 and cAMP kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278:35394–35402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M302179200.
  • Enserink JM, Christensen AE, de Rooij J, van Triest M, Schwede F, Genieser HG, Døskeland SO, Blank JL, Bos JL. 2002. A novel Epac-specific cAMP analogue demonstrates independent regulation of Rap1 and ERK. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:901–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb874.
  • Kang G, Joseph JW, Chepurny OG, Monaco M, Wheeler MB, Bos JL, Schwede F, Genieser HG, Holz GG. 2003. Epac-selective cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP as a stimulus for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and exocytosis in pancreatic beta-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278:8279–8285.
  • van Hooren KWEM, van Agtmaal EL, Fernandez-Borja M, van Mourik JA, Voorberg J, Bierings R. 2012. The Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway controls cAMP-mediated exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 287:24713–24720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.321976.
  • Vasudevan A, Long JE, Crandall JE, Rubenstein JLR, Bhide PG. 2008. Compartment-specific transcription factors orchestrate angiogenesis gradients in the embryonic brain. Nat. Neurosci. 11:429–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2074.
  • Bae YS, Lee TG, Park JC, Hur JH, Kim Y, Heo K, Kwak J-Y, Suh P-G, Ryu SH. 2003. Identification of a compound that directly stimulates phospholipase C activity. Mol. Pharmacol. 63:1043–1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.63.5.1043.
  • Oestreich EA, Malik S, Goonasekera SA, Blaxall BC, Kelley GG, Dirksen RT, Smrcka AV. 2009. Epac and phospholipase Cepsilon regulate Ca2+ release in the heart by activation of protein kinase Cepsilon and calcium-calmodulin kinase II. J. Biol. Chem. 284:1514–1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M806994200.
  • Gloerich M, Bos JL. 2010. Epac: defining a new mechanism for cAMP action. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 50:355–375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105714.
  • Schmidt M, Evellin S, Weernink PA, vom Dorp F, Rehmann H, Lomasney JW, Jakobs KH. 2001. A new phospholipase-C-calcium signalling pathway mediated by cyclic AMP and a Rap GTPase. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:1020–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1101-1020.
  • Berkow RL, Kraft AS. 1985. Bryostatin, a non-phorbol macrocyclic lactone, activates intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and binds to the phorbol ester receptor. Biochemi. Biophys. Res. Commun. 131:1109–1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(85)90205-0.
  • Wang QJ, Bhattacharyya D, Garfield SH, Nacro K, Marquez VE, Blumberg PM. 1999. Differential localization of protein kinase C delta by phorbol esters and related compounds using a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein. J. Biol. Chem. 274:37233–37239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.52.37233.
  • Ronchi P, Colombo S, Francolini M, Borgese N. 2008. Transmembrane domain-dependent partitioning of membrane proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Biol. 181:105–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200710093.
  • Gschwendt M, Dieterich S, Rennecke J, Kittstein W, Mueller H-J, Johannes F-J. 1996. Inhibition of protein kinase C mu by various inhibitors. Inhibition from protein kinase C isoenzymes. FEBS Lett. 392:77–80.
  • Matter N, Ritz MF, Freyermuth S, Rogue P, Malviya AN. 1993. Stimulation of nuclear protein kinase C leads to phosphorylation of nuclear inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor and accelerated calcium release by inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate from isolated rat liver nuclei. J. Biol. Chem. 268:732–736.
  • Vermassen E, Fissore RA, Nadif Kasri N, Vanderheyden V, Callewaert G, Missiaen L, Parys JB, Smedt HD. 2004. Regulation of the phosphorylation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by protein kinase C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319:888–893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.071.
  • Smith IF, Parker I. 2009. Imaging the quantal substructure of single IP3R channel activity during Ca2+ puffs in intact mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:6404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810799106.
  • Gan X, Wang J, Wang C, Sommer E, Kozasa T, Srinivasula S, Alessi DR, Offermanns S, Simon MI, Wu D. 2012. PRR5L degradation promotes mTORC2-mediated PKC-δ phosphorylation and cell migration downstream of Gα12. Nat. Cell Biol. 14:686–696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2507.
  • Brodie C, Steinhart R, Kazimirsky G, Rubinfeld H, Hyman T, Ayres JN, Hur GM, Toth A, Yang DZ, Garfield SH, Stone JC, Blumberg PM. 2004. PKC delta associates with and is involved in the phosphorylation of RasGRP3 in response to phorbol esters. Mol. Pharmacol. 66:76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.66.1.76.
  • Oancea E, Meyer T. 1998. Protein kinase C as a molecular machine for decoding calcium and diacylglycerol signals. Cell 95:307–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81763-8.
  • Schechtman D, Craske ML, Kheifets V, Meyer T, Schechtman J, Mochly-Rosen D. 2004. A critical intramolecular interaction for protein kinase Cepsilon translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 279:15831–15840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M310696200.
  • O'Brien TG, Diamond L. 1978. Metabolism of tritium-labeled 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate by cells in culture. Cancer Res. 38:2562–2566.
  • Giorgione JR, Hysell M, Harvey DF, Newton AC. 2003. Contribution of the C1A and C1B domains to the membrane interaction of protein kinase C. Biochemistry 42:11194–11202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0350046.
  • Stahelin RV. 2004. Mechanism of diacylglycerol-induced membrane targeting and activation of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 279:29501–29512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M403191200.
  • Dries DR, Newton AC. 2008. Kinetic analysis of the interaction of the C1 domain of protein kinase C with lipid membranes by stopped-flow spectroscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 283:7885–7893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M709943200.
  • Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Goedhart J, Gadella TWJ. 2008. Regulation of PLCbeta1a membrane anchoring by its substrate phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate. J. Cell Sci. 121:3770–3777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.029785.
  • Foskett JK, White C, Cheung KH, Mak DOD. 2007. Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channels. Physiol. Rev. 87:593–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00035.2006.
  • de Rooij J, Zwartkruis FJT, Verheijen MH, Cool RH, Nijman SM, Wittinghofer A, Bos JL. 1998. Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP. Nature 396:474–477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24884.
  • Lacabaratz-Porret C, Corvazier E, Kovàcs T, Bobe R, Bredoux R, Launay S, Papp B, Enouf J. 1998. Platelet sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase isoform 3b and Rap 1b: interrelation and regulation in physiopathology. Biochem. J. 332(Part 1):173–181.
  • Ohba Y, Kurokawa K, Matsuda M. 2003. Mechanism of the spatio-temporal regulation of Ras and Rap1. EMBO J. 22:859–869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdg087.
  • Oestreich EA, Wang H, Malik S, Kaproth-Joslin KA, Blaxall BC, Kelley GG, Dirksen RT, Smrcka AV. 2007. Epac-mediated activation of phospholipase C(epsilon) plays a critical role in beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent enhancement of Ca2+ mobilization in cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 282:5488–5495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M608495200.
  • Van Kolen K, Slegers H. 2006. Integration of P2Y receptor-activated signal transduction pathways in G protein-dependent signalling networks. Purinergic Signal. 2:451–469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11302-006-9008-0.
  • Kenakin T. 2002. Efficacy at G-protein-coupled receptors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1:103–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd722.
  • Hoffmann C, Ziegler N, Reiner S, Krasel C, Lohse MJ. 2008. Agonist-selective, receptor-specific interaction of human P2Y receptors with beta-arrestin-1 and -2. J. Biol. Chem. 283:30933–30941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801472200.
  • Jin TG. 2001. Role of the CDC25 homology domain of phospholipase cepsilon in amplification of Rap1-dependent signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 276:30301–30307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M103530200.
  • Wing MR, Bourdon DM, Harden TK. 2003. PLC-epsilon: a shared effector protein in Ras-, Rho-, and G alpha beta gamma-mediated signaling. Mol. Interv. 3:273–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.3.5.273.
  • Dries DR, Gallegos LL, Newton AC. 2007. A single residue in the C1 domain sensitizes novel protein kinase C isoforms to cellular diacylglycerol production. J. Biol. Chem. 282:826–830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C600268200.
  • Tewson P, Westenberg M, Zhao Y, Campbell RE, Quinn AM, Hughes TE. 2012. Simultaneous detection of ca(2+) and diacylglycerol signaling in living cells. PLoS One 7:e42791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042791.
  • Montero M. 2003. Modulation of histamine-induced Ca2+ release by protein kinase C: effects on cytosolic and mitochondrial [ca2+] peaks. J. Biol. Chem. 278:49972–49979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M308378200.
  • Dolmetsch RE, Lewis RS, Goodnow CC, Healy JI. 1997. Differential activation of transcription factors induced by Ca2+ response amplitude and duration. Nature 386:855–858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386855a0.
  • Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL. 2003. Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4:517–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1155.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.