HMGA1 Levels Influence Mitochondrial Function and Mitochondrial DNA Repair Efficiency

REFERENCES

• Abe, N., T. Watanabe, M. Sugiyama, H. Uchimura, G. Chiappetta, A. Fusco, and Y. Atomi. 1999. Determination of high mobility group I(Y) expression level in colorectal neoplasias: a potential diagnostic marker. Cancer Res. 59:1169–1174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adair, J. E., Y. Kwon, G. A. Dement, M. J. Smerdon, and R. Reeves. 2005. Inhibition of nucleotide excision repair by high mobility group protein HMGA1. J. Biol. Chem. 280:32184–32192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adair, J. E., S. C. Maloney, G. A. Dement, K. J. Wertzler, M. J. Smerdon, and R. Reeves. 2007. High-mobility group A1 proteins inhibit expression of nucleotide excision repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum group A. Cancer Res. 67:6044–6052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, T. I., T. Kanki, T. Muta, K. Ukaji, Y. Abe, H. Nakayama, K. Takio, N. Hamasaki, and D. Kang. 2003. Human mitochondrial DNA is packaged with TFAM. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:1640–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, D., C. J. Chou, L. Latella, S. G. Zeitlin, S. Ku, P. L. Puri, P. B. Dervan, and J. M. Gottesfeld. 2006. A two-hit mechanism for pre-mitotic arrest of cancer cell proliferation by a polyamide-alkylator conjugate. Cell Cycle 5:1537–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asin-Cayuela, J., and C. M. Gustafsson. 2007. Mitochondrial transcription and its regulation in mammalian cells. Trends Biochem. Sci. 32:111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandiera, A., D. Bonifacio, G. Manfioletti, F. Mantovani, A. Rustighi, F. Zanconati, A. Fusco, L. Di Bonito, and V. Giancotti. 1998. Expression of HMGI(Y) proteins in squamous intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the uterine cervix. Cancer Res. 58:426–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso, D., F. Navaglia, P. Fogar, C. F. Zambon, E. Greco, S. Schiavon, M. Fasolo, A. Stranges, A. Falda, A. Padoan, E. Fadi, S. Pedrazzoli, and M. Plebani. 2007. DNA repair pathways and mitochondrial DNA mutations in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Clin. Chim. Acta 381:50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begum, N., J. M. Pash, and J. S. Bhorjee. 1990. Expression and synthesis of high mobility group chromosomal proteins in different rat skeletal cell lines during myogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 265:11936–11941.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berdanier, C. D. 2005. Mitochondria in health and disease. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Berlingieri, M. T., G. M. Pierantoni, V. Giancotti, M. Santoro, and A. Fusco. 2002. Thyroid cell transformation requires the expression of the HMGA1 proteins. Oncogene 21:2971–2980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berneburg, M., Y. Kamenisch, and J. Krutmann. 2006. Repair of mitochondrial DNA in aging and carcinogenesis. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 5:190–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berneburg, M., Y. Kamenisch, J. Krutmann, and M. Rocken. 2006. “To repair or not to repair—no longer a question”: repair of mitochondrial DNA shielding against age and cancer. Exp. Dermatol. 15:1005–1015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogenhagen, D. F., K. G. Pinz, and R. M. Perez-Jannotti. 2001. Enzymology of mitochondrial base excision repair. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 68:257–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohr, V. A., and G. L. Dianov. 1999. Oxidative DNA damage processing in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Biochimie 81:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowmaker, M., M. Y. Yang, T. Yasukawa, A. Reyes, H. T. Jacobs, J. A. Huberman, and I. J. Holt. 2003. Mammalian mitochondrial DNA replicates bidirectionally from an initiation zone. J. Biol. Chem. 278:50961–50969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon, M., P. Baldi, and D. C. Wallace. 2006. Mitochondrial mutations in cancer. Oncogene 25:4647–4662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., C. Cecconi, A. N. Tkachuk, C. Bustamante, and D. A. Clayton. 2005. Replication of mitochondrial DNA occurs by strand displacement with alternative light-strand origins, not via a strand-coupled mechanism. Genes Dev. 19:2466–2476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew, J. S., and P. Huang. 2002. Mitochondrial defects in cancer. Mol. Cancer 1:9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang, D. D., and D. A. Clayton. 1985. Priming of human mitochondrial DNA replication occurs at the light-strand promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:351–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, D. D., W. W. Hauswirth, and D. A. Clayton. 1985. Replication priming and transcription initiate from precisely the same site in mouse mitochondrial DNA. EMBO J. 4:1559–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, A., E. Mambo, and D. Sidransky. 2006. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human cancer. Oncogene 25:4663–4674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, A., E. Mambo, Y. Zhang, T. Deweese, and D. Sidransky. 2006. Targeting of mutant hogg1 in mammalian mitochondria and nucleus: effect on cellular survival upon oxidative stress. BMC Cancer 6:235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi, Y. S., B. K. Ryu, H. K. Min, S. W. Lee, and Y. K. Pak. 2005. Analysis of proteome bound to D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA by DNA-linked affinity chromatography and reverse-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1042:88–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuma, M., N. Saeki, Y. Yamamoto, T. Ohta, M. Asaka, S. Hirohashi, and M. Sakamoto. 2004. Expression profiling in hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic metastasis: identification of high-mobility group I(Y) protein as a molecular marker of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Keio J. Med. 53:90–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton, D. A. 1982. Replication of animal mitochondrial DNA. Cell 28:693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, D. A., J. N. Doda, and E. C. Friedberg. 1974. The absence of a pyrimidine dimer repair mechanism in mammalian mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:2777–2781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleynen, I., J. R. Brants, K. Peeters, R. Deckers, M. Debiec-Rychter, R. Sciot, W. J. Van de Ven, and M. M. Petit. 2007. HMGA2 regulates transcription of the Imp2 gene via an intronic regulatory element in cooperation with nuclear factor-κB. Mol. Cancer Res. 5:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleynen, I., C. Huysmans, T. Sasazuki, S. Shirasawa, W. Van de Ven, and K. Peeters. 2007. Transcriptional control of the human high mobility group A1 gene: basal and oncogenic Ras-regulated expression. Cancer Res. 67:4620–4629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleynen, I., and W. J. Van de Ven. 2008. The HMGA proteins: a myriad of functions (review). Int. J. Oncol. 32:289–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement, G. A., S. C. Maloney, and R. Reeves. 2007. Nuclear HMGA1 nonhistone chromatin proteins directly influence mitochondrial transcription, maintenance, and function. Exp. Cell Res. 313:77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement, G. A., N. R. Treff, N. S. Magnuson, V. Franceschi, and R. Reeves. 2005. Dynamic mitochondrial localization of nuclear transcription factor HMGA1. Exp. Cell Res. 307:388–401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhar, A., J. Hu, R. Reeves, L. M. Resar, and N. H. Colburn. 2004. Dominant-negative c-Jun (TAM67) target genes: HMGA1 is required for tumor promoter-induced transformation. Oncogene 23:4466–4476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianov, G. L., N. Souza-Pinto, S. G. Nyaga, T. Thybo, T. Stevnsner, and V. A. Bohr. 2001. Base excision repair in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 68:285–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Cello, F., J. Hillion, A. Hristov, L. J. Wood, M. Mukherjee, A. Schuldenfrei, J. Kowalski, R. Bhattacharya, R. Ashfaq, and L. M. Resar. 2008. HMGA2 participates in transformation in human lung cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. 6:743–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dmitrenko, V., K. Shostak, O. Boyko, O. Khomenko, V. Rozumenko, T. Malisheva, M. Shamayev, Y. Zozulya, and V. Kavsan. 2005. Reduction of the transcription level of the mitochondrial genome in human glioblastoma. Cancer Lett. 218:99–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dolde, C. E., M. Mukherjee, C. Cho, and L. M. Resar. 2002. HMG-I/Y in human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 71:181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druzhyna, N. M., S. B. Hollensworth, M. R. Kelley, G. L. Wilson, and S. P. Ledoux. 2003. Targeting human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase to mitochondria of oligodendrocytes protects against menadione-induced oxidative stress. Glia 42:370–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Druzhyna, N. M., G. L. Wilson, and S. P. Ledoux. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA repair in aging and disease. Mech. Ageing Dev. 129:383–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, B., and K. Zhao. 2007. HMGA1 mediates the activation of the CRYAB promoter by BRG1. DNA Cell Biol. 26:745–752.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekstrand, M. I., M. Falkenberg, A. Rantanen, C. B. Park, M. Gaspari, K. Hultenby, P. Rustin, C. M. Gustafsson, and N. G. Larsson. 2004. Mitochondrial transcription factor A regulates mtDNA copy number in mammals. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13:935–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedele, M., G. M. Pierantoni, R. Visone, and A. Fusco. 2006. Critical role of the HMGA2 gene in pituitary adenomas. Cell Cycle 5:2045–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco, R., F. Esposito, M. Fedele, G. Liguori, G. M. Pierantoni, G. Botti, D. Tramontano, A. Fusco, and P. Chieffi. 2008. Detection of high-mobility group proteins A1 and A2 represents a valid diagnostic marker in post-pubertal testicular germ cell tumours. J. Pathol. 214:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg, E. C., G. C. Walker, W. Siede, R. D. Wood, R. A. Schultz, and T. Ellenberger. 2006. DNA repair and mutagenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Frisard, M., and E. Ravussin. 2006. Energy metabolism and oxidative stress: impact on the metabolic syndrome and the aging process. Endocrine 29:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funayama, R., M. Saito, H. Tanobe, and F. Ishikawa. 2006. Loss of linker histone H1 in cellular senescence. J. Cell Biol. 175:869–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusco, A., and M. Fedele. 2007. Roles of HMGA proteins in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7:899–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspari, M., N. G. Larsson, and C. M. Gustafsson. 2004. The transcription machinery in mammalian mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1659:148–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giannini, G., F. Cerignoli, M. Mellone, I. Massimi, C. Ambrosi, C. Rinaldi, and A. Gulino. 2005. Molecular mechanism of HMGA1 deregulation in human neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett. 228:97–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glaichennhaus, N., and P. Leopold. 1986. Increased levels of mitochondrial gene expression in rat fibroblast cells immortalized or transformed by viral and cellular oncogenes. EMBO J. 5:1261–1265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gogvadze, V., S. Orrenius, and B. Zhivotovsky. 2008. Mitochondria in cancer cells: what is so special about them? Trends Cell Biol. 18:165–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grishko, V. I., L. I. Rachek, D. R. Spitz, G. L. Wilson, and S. P. Ledoux. 2005. Contribution of mitochondrial DNA repair to cell resistance from oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 280:8901–8905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett, A. J., H. S. Smith, E. L. Springer, R. B. Owens, W. A. Nelson-Rees, J. L. Riggs, and M. B. Gardner. 1977. Two syngeneic cell lines from human breast tissue: the aneuploid mammary epithelial (Hs578T) and the diploid myoepithelial (Hs578Bst) cell lines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:1795–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, S. M., and N. E. Sharpless. 2008. HMGA2, microRNAs, and stem cell aging. Cell 135:1013–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen, D. R., O. Fluge, L. J. Reigstad, J. E. Varhaug, and J. R. Lillehaug. 2003. Increased expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid 13:613–620.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heerdt, B. G., M. A. Houston, and L. H. Augenlicht. 2005. The intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential of colonic carcinoma cells is linked to the probability of tumor progression. Cancer Res. 65:9861–9867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heerdt, B. G., M. A. Houston, and L. H. Augenlicht. 2006. Growth properties of colonic tumor cells are a function of the intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential. Cancer Res. 66:1591–1596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill, D. A., and R. Reeves. 1997. Competition between HMG-I(Y), HMG-1 and histone H1 on four-way junction DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3523–3531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillion, J., S. Dhara, T. F. Sumter, M. Mukherjee, F. Di Cello, A. Belton, J. Turkson, S. Jaganathan, L. Cheng, Z. Ye, R. Jove, P. Aplan, Y. W. Lin, K. Wertzler, R. Reeves, O. Elbahlouh, J. Kowalski, R. Bhattacharya, and L. M. Resar. 2008. The high-mobility group A1a/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 axis: an Achilles heel for hematopoietic malignancies? Cancer Res. 68:10121–10127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock, R., T. Furusawa, T. Ueda, and M. Bustin. 2007. HMG chromosomal proteins in development and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 17:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeijmakers, J. H. 2001. Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 411:366–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, I. J., and H. T. Jacobs. 2003. Response: the mitochondrial DNA replication bubble has not burst. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:355–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holth, L. T., A. E. Thorlacius, and R. Reeves. 1997. Effects of epidermal growth factor and estrogen on the regulation of the HMG-I/Y gene in human mammary epithelial cell lines. DNA Cell Biol. 16:1299–1309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hommura, F., M. Katabami, V. D. Leaner, H. Donninger, T. F. Sumter, L. M. Resar, and M. J. Birrer. 2004. HMG-I/Y is a c-Jun/activator protein-1 target gene and is necessary for c-Jun-induced anchorage-independent growth in Rat1a cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2:305–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishikawa, K., K. Takenaga, M. Akimoto, N. Koshikawa, A. Yamaguchi, H. Imanishi, K. Nakada, Y. Honma, and J. Hayashi. 2008. ROS-generating mitochondrial DNA mutations can regulate tumor cell metastasis. Science 320:661–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupciak, J. P., W. Wang, M. E. Markowitz, D. Ally, M. Coble, S. Srivastava, A. Maitra, P. E. Barker, D. Sidransky, and C. D. O'Connell. 2005. Mitochondrial DNA as a cancer biomarker. J. Mol. Diagn. 7:258–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, Y., D. Tong, G. Lou, Y. Zhang, and J. Geng. 2008. Expression of RUNX3 gene, methylation status and clinicopathological significance in breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines. Pathobiology 75:244–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanki, T., H. Nakayama, N. Sasaki, K. Takio, T. I. Alam, N. Hamasaki, and D. Kang. 2004. Mitochondrial nucleoid and transcription factor A. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1011:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanki, T., K. Ohgaki, M. Gaspari, C. M. Gustafsson, A. Fukuoh, N. Sasaki, N. Hamasaki, and D. Kang. 2004. Architectural role of mitochondrial transcription factor A in maintenance of human mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24:9823–9834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. P., and R. C. Scarpulla. 2004. Transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Genes Dev. 18:357–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kislinger, T., B. Cox, A. Kannan, C. Chung, P. Hu, A. Ignatchenko, M. S. Scott, A. O. Gramolini, Q. Morris, M. T. Hallett, J. Rossant, T. R. Hughes, B. Frey, and A. Emili. 2006. Global survey of organ and organelle protein expression in mouse: combined proteomic and transcriptomic profiling. Cell 125:173–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraytsberg, Y., M. Schwartz, T. A. Brown, K. Ebralidse, W. S. Kunz, D. A. Clayton, J. Vissing, and K. Khrapko. 2004. Recombination of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 304:981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmipathy, U., and C. Campbell. 1999. The human DNA ligase III gene encodes nuclear and mitochondrial proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:3869–3876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmipathy, U., and C. Campbell. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA ligase III function is independent of Xrcc1. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:3880–3886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmipathy, U., and C. Campbell. 2001. Antisense-mediated decrease in DNA ligase III expression results in reduced mitochondrial DNA integrity. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:668–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, N. B., M. Rasmussen, and L. J. Rasmussen. 2005. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA repair: similar pathways? Mitochondrion 5:89–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laury-Kleintop, L. D., E. C. Coronel, M. K. Lange, T. Tachovsky, S. Longo, S. Tucker, and J. A. Alhadeff. 1995. Western blotting and isoform analysis of cathepsin D from normal and malignant human breast cell lines. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 35:211–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ledoux, S. P., and G. L. Wilson. 2001. Base excision repair of mitochondrial DNA damage in mammalian cells. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 68:273–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, D. Y., and D. A. Clayton. 1998. Initiation of mitochondrial DNA replication by transcription and R-loop processing. J. Biol. Chem. 273:30614–30621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. C., S. H. Li, J. C. Lin, C. C. Wu, D. C. Yeh, and Y. H. Wei. 2004. Somatic mutations in the D-loop and decrease in the copy number of mitochondrial DNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mutat. Res. 547:71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney, S. C., J. E. Adair, M. J. Smerdon, and R. Reeves. 2007. Gene-specific nucleotide excision repair is impaired in human cells expressing elevated levels of high mobility group A1 nonhistone proteins. DNA Repair (Amsterdam) 6:1371–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, H. J., M. Fedele, S. Battista, F. Pentimalli, M. Kruhoffer, C. Arra, T. F. Orntoft, C. M. Croce, and A. Fusco. 2004. Identification of the genes up- and down-regulated by the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins: tissue specificity of the HMGA1-dependent gene regulation. Cancer Res. 64:5728–5735.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maximo, V., T. Botelho, J. Capela, P. Soares, J. Lima, A. Taveira, T. Amaro, A. P. Barbosa, A. Preto, H. R. Harach, D. Williams, and M. Sobrinho-Simoes. 2005. Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumours of the thyroid. Br. J. Cancer 92:1892–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modica-Napolitano, J. S., M. Kulawiec, and K. K. Singh. 2007. Mitochondria and human cancer. Curr. Mol. Med. 7:121–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monzen, K., Y. Ito, A. T. Naito, H. Kasai, Y. Hiroi, D. Hayashi, I. Shiojima, T. Yamazaki, K. Miyazono, M. Asashima, R. Nagai, and I. Komuro. 2008. A crucial role of a high mobility group protein HMGA2 in cardiogenesis. Nat. Cell Biol. 10:567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, K. A., R. Saffhill, and P. J. O'Connor. 1988. Repair of alkylated purines in the hepatic DNA of mitochondria and nuclei in the rat. Carcinogenesis 9:285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, J., E. R. Purvis, and J. A. Swenberg. 2003. Micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide induce oxidative DNA lesions more efficiently than millimolar concentrations in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:1790–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino, J., I. Kim, K. Chada, and S. J. Morrison. 2008. Hmga2 promotes neural stem cell self-renewal in young but not old mice by reducing p16Ink4a and p19Arf expression. Cell 135:227–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci, M. R., D. H. Castrillon, H. Bai, B. J. Quade, T. A. Ince, D. R. Genest, K. R. Lee, G. L. Mutter, and C. P. Crum. 2003. Biomarkers in diagnostic obstetric and gynecologic pathology: a review. Adv. Anat. Pathol. 10:55–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, P. L. 1978. Tumor mitochondria and the bioenergetics of cancer cells. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 22:190–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penta, J. S., F. M. Johnson, J. T. Wachsman, and W. C. Copeland. 2001. Mitochondrial DNA in human malignancy. Mutat. Res. 488:119–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pentimalli, F., M. Dentice, M. Fedele, G. M. Pierantoni, L. Cito, P. Pallante, M. Santoro, G. Viglietto, P. Dal Cin, and A. Fusco. 2003. Suppression of HMGA2 protein synthesis could be a tool for the therapy of well differentiated liposarcomas overexpressing HMGA2. Cancer Res. 63:7423–7427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petros, J. A., A. K. Baumann, E. Ruiz-Pesini, M. B. Amin, C. Q. Sun, J. Hall, S. Lim, M. M. Issa, W. D. Flanders, S. H. Hosseini, F. F. Marshall, and D. C. Wallace. 2005. mtDNA mutations increase tumorigenicity in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:719–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohjoismaki, J. L., S. Goffart, H. Tyynismaa, S. Willcox, T. Ide, D. Kang, A. Suomalainen, P. J. Karhunen, J. D. Griffith, I. J. Holt, and H. Jacobs. 2009. Human heart mitochondrial DNA is organized in complex catenated networks containing abundant four-way junctions and replication forks. J. Biol. Chem. 284:21446–21457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajeswari, M. R., D. Singh, A. Jain, and R. Ray. 2001. Elevated levels of high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins, HMGA1, in murine skin carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 173:93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, R. 2000. Structure and function of the HMGI(Y) family of architectural transcription factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 108(Suppl. 5):803–809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeves, R. 2001. Molecular biology of HMGA proteins: hubs of nuclear function. Gene 277:63–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, R., and J. E. Adair. 2005. Role of high mobility group (HMG) chromatin proteins in DNA repair. DNA Repair (Amsterdam) 4:926–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, R., and L. Beckerbauer. 2001. HMGI/Y proteins: flexible regulators of transcription and chromatin structure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1519:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, R., D. D. Edberg, and Y. Li. 2001. Architectural transcription factor HMGI(Y) promotes tumor progression and mesenchymal transition of human epithelial cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:575–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, C. 1993. Pro-oxidants and mitochondrial Ca2+: their relationship to apoptosis and oncogenesis. FEBS Lett. 325:104–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, M. T., and N. J. Hoogenraad. 2007. Mitochondrial-nuclear communications. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 76:701–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanna, S., A. U. Jackson, R. Nagaraja, C. J. Willer, W. M. Chen, L. L. Bonnycastle, H. Shen, N. Timpson, G. Lettre, G. Usala, P. S. Chines, H. M. Stringham, L. J. Scott, M. Dei, S. Lai, G. Albai, L. Crisponi, S. Naitza, K. F. Doheny, E. W. Pugh, Y. Ben Shlomo, S. Ebrahim, D. A. Lawlor, R. N. Bergman, R. M. Watanabe, M. Uda, J. Tuomilehto, J. Coresh, J. N. Hirschhorn, A. R. Shuldiner, D. Schlessinger, F. S. Collins, S. G. Davey, E. Boerwinkle, A. Cao, M. Boehnke, G. R. Abecasis, and K. L. Mohlke. 2008. Common variants in the GDF5-UQCC region are associated with variation in human height. Nat. Genet. 40:198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, C., M. Martinez, M. Lima, Y. J. Hao, N. Simoes, and R. Montiel. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in cancer: a review. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 8:1351–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, J. H., B. S. Mandavilli, and B. Van Houten. 2002. Measuring oxidative mtDNA damage and repair using quantitative PCR, p. 159-176. In W. C. Copeland (ed.), Mitochondrial DNA: methods and protocols, vol. 197. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, J. H., J. N. Meyer, B. S. Mandavilli, and B. Van Houten. 2006. Quantitative PCR-based measurement of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in mammalian cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 314:183–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scala, S., G. Portella, M. Fedele, G. Chiappetta, and A. Fusco. 2000. Adenovirus-mediated suppression of HMGI(Y) protein synthesis as potential therapy of human malignant neoplasias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4256–4261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpulla, R. C. 2008. Transcriptional paradigms in mammalian mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Physiol. Rev. 88:611–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer, S. W., and M. S. Suleiman. 2007. Mitochondria: the dynamic organelle. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Shadel, G. S., and D. A. Clayton. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66:409–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaha, N., L. M. Resar, D. Vindivich, and D. S. Coffey. 2004. High mobility group protein HMGI(Y) enhances tumor cell growth, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 60:160–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallini, G., and P. Dal Cin. 1999. HMGI(Y) and HMGI-C dysregulation: a common occurrence in human tumors. Adv. Anat. Pathol. 6:237–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tesfaye, A., F. Di Cello, J. Hillion, B. M. Ronnett, O. Elbahloul, R. Ashfaq, S. Dhara, E. Prochownik, K. Tworkoski, R. Reeves, R. Roden, L. H. Ellenson, D. L. Huso, and L. M. Resar. 2007. The high-mobility group A1 gene up-regulates cyclooxygenase 2 expression in uterine tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 67:3998–4004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapasso, F., M. Sarti, R. Cesari, S. Yendamuri, K. R. Dumon, R. I. Aqeilan, F. Pentimalli, L. Infante, H. Alder, N. Abe, T. Watanabe, G. Viglietto, C. M. Croce, and A. Fusco. 2004. Therapy of human pancreatic carcinoma based on suppression of HMGA1 protein synthesis in preclinical models. Cancer Gene Ther. 11:633–641.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Treff, N. R. 2003. Molecular genetics of HMGA1-mediated malignant transformation of breast cancer cells. Ph.D. dissertation. Washington State University, Pullman.
   Google Scholar
• Treff, N. R., G. A. Dement, J. E. Adair, R. L. Britt, R. Nie, J. E. Shima, W. E. Taylor, and R. Reeves. 2004. Human KIT ligand promoter is positively regulated by HMGA1 in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 23:8557–8562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Treff, N. R., D. Pouchnik, G. A. Dement, R. L. Britt, and R. Reeves. 2004. High-mobility group A1a protein regulates Ras/ERK signaling in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 23:777–785.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tseng, L. M., P. H. Yin, C. W. Chi, C. Y. Hsu, C. W. Wu, L. M. Lee, Y. H. Wei, and H. C. Lee. 2006. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial DNA depletion in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 45:629–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburg, O. 1956. On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 124:269–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburg, O. 1956. On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123:309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weedon, M. N., H. Lango, C. M. Lindgren, C. Wallace, D. M. Evans, M. Mangino, R. M. Freathy, J. R. Perry, S. Stevens, A. S. Hall, N. J. Samani, B. Shields, I. Prokopenko, M. Farrall, A. Dominiczak, T. Johnson, S. Bergmann, J. S. Beckmann, P. Vollenweider, D. M. Waterworth, V. Mooser, C. N. Palmer, A. D. Morris, W. H. Ouwehand, J. H. Zhao, S. Li, R. J. Loos, I. Barroso, P. Deloukas, M. S. Sandhu, E. Wheeler, N. Soranzo, M. Inouye, N. J. Wareham, M. Caulfield, P. B. Munroe, A. T. Hattersley, M. I. McCarthy, and T. M. Frayling. 2008. Genome-wide association analysis identifies 20 loci that influence adult height. Nat. Genet. 40:575–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisniewski, J. R., and R. Schwanbeck. 2000. High mobility group I/Y: multifunctional chromosomal proteins causally involved in tumor progression and malignant transformation (review). Int. J. Mol. Med. 6:409–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, L. J., J. F. Maher, T. E. Bunton, and L. M. Resar. 2000. The oncogenic properties of the HMG-I gene family. Cancer Res. 60:4256–4261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, L. J., M. Mukherjee, C. E. Dolde, Y. Xu, J. F. Maher, T. E. Bunton, J. B. Williams, and L. M. Resar. 2000. HMG-I/Y, a new c-Myc target gene and potential oncogene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:5490–5502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, S., S. Nomoto, T. Fujii, et al. 2006. Correlation between copy number of mitochondrial DNA and clinico-pathologic parameters of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 32:303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasukawa, T., A. Reyes, T. J. Cluett, M. Y. Yang, M. Bowmaker, H. T. Jacobs, and I. J. Holt. 2006. Replication of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA entails transient ribonucleotide incorporation throughout the lagging strand. EMBO J. 25:5358–5371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasukawa, T., M. Y. Yang, H. T. Jacobs, and I. J. Holt. 2005. A bidirectional origin of replication maps to the major noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Cell 18:651–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip, P. H., H. C. Lee, G. Y. Chau, Y. T. Wu, S. H. Li, W. Y. Lui, Y. H. Wei, T. Y. Liu, and C. W. Chi. 2004. Alteration of the copy number and deletion of mitochondrial DNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 90:2390–2396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, R., W. Chen, and P. D. Adams. 2007. Molecular dissection of formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27:2343–2358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar