Nuclear Compartmentalization of N-CoR and Its Interactions with Steroid Receptors

REFERENCES

• Agoulnik I. U., W. C. Krause, W. E. Bingman III, H. T. Rahman, M. Amrikachi, G. E. Ayala, and N. L. Weigel. 2003. Repressors of androgen and progesterone receptor action. J. Biol. Chem. 278:31136–31148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alen, P., F. Claessens, G. Verhoeven, W. Rombauts, and B. Peeters. 1999. The androgen receptor amino-terminal domain plays a key role in p160 coactivator-stimulated gene transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:6085–6097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariumi, Y., T. Ego, A. Kaida, M. Matsumoto, P. P. Pandolfi, and K. Shimotohno. 2003. Distinct nuclear body components, PML and SMRT, regulate the trans-acting function of HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein. Oncogene 22:1611–1619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrack, E. R. 1987. Specific association of androgen receptors and estrogen receptors with the nuclear matrix: summary and perspectives, p. 85–107. In V. K. Moudgil (ed.), Recent advances in steroid hormone action. Walter de Gruijter, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Beato, M., and J. Klug. 2000. Steroid hormone receptors: an update. Hum. Reprod. Update 6:25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Belmont, A. 2003. Dynamics of chromatin, proteins, and bodies within the cell nucleus. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15:304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubulya, A., S. Y. Chen, C. J. Fisher, Z. Zheng, X. Q. Shen, and L. Shemshedini. 2001. c-Jun potentiates the functional interaction between the amino and carboxyl termini of the androgen receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 276:44704–44711.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, J. D., K. Umesono, and R. M. Evans. 1996. SMRT isoforms mediate repression and anti-repression of nuclear receptor heterodimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7567–7571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S., S. Brzostek, S. R. Lee, A. N. Hollenberg, and S. P. Balk. 2002. Inhibition of the dihydrotestosterone-activated androgen receptor by nuclear receptor corepressor. Mol. Endocrinol. 16:1492–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dotzlaw, H., U. Moehren, S. Mink, A. C. Cato, J. A. Iniguez Lluhi, and A. Baniahmad. 2002. The amino terminus of the human AR is target for corepressor action and antihormone agonism. Mol. Endocrinol. 16:661–673.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downes, M., P. Ordentlich, H. Y. Kao, J. G. Alvarez, and R. M. Evans. 2000. Identification of a nuclear domain with deacetylase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10330–10335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan, W., T. Yanase, Y. Wu, H. Kawate, M. Saitoh, K. Oba, M. Nomura, T. Okabe, K. Goto, J. Yanagisawa, S. Kato, R. Takayanagi, and H. Nawata. 2004. Protein kinase A potentiates adrenal 4 binding protein/steroidogenic factor 1 transactivation by reintegrating the subcellular dynamic interactions of the nuclear receptor with its cofactors, general control nonderepressed-5/transformation/ transcription domain-associated protein, and suppressor, dosage-sensitive sex reversal-1: a laser confocal imaging study in living KGN cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 18:127–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fejes-Tóth, G., D. Pearce, and A. Náray-Fejes-Tóth. 1998. Subcellular localization of mineralocorticoid receptors in living cells: effects of receptor agonists and antagonists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:2973–2978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, J. D., D. L. Bain, J. K. Richer, T. A. Jackson, L. Tung, and K. B. Horwitz. 2000. Nuclear receptor conformation, coregulators, and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Steroids 65:579–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hager, G. L., A. K. Nagaich, T. A. Johnson, D. A. Walker, and S. John. 2004. Dynamics of nuclear receptor movement and transcription. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1677:46–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hager, G. L., C. Elbi, and M. Becker. 2002. Protein dynamics in the nuclear compartment. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12:137–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hager, G. L. 1999. Studying nuclear receptors with green fluorescent protein fusions. Methods Enzymol. 302:73–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He, B., and E. M. Wilson. 2002. The NH(2)-terminal and carboxyl-terminal interaction in the human androgen receptor. Mol. Genet. Metab. 75:293–298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heltweg, B., and M. Jung. 2002. A microplate reader-based nonisotopic histone deacetylase activity assay. Anal. Biochem. 302:175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson, M. C., I. Astapova, S. Cheng, L. J. Lee, M. C. Verhoeven, E. Choi, S. P. Balk, and A. N. Hollenberg. 2005. The androgen receptor recruits nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) in the presence of mifepristone via its N and C termini revealing a novel molecular mechanism for androgen receptor antagonists. J. Biol. Chem. 280:6511–6519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horlein, A. J., A. M. Naar, T. Heinzel, J. Torchia, B. Gloss, R. Kurokawa, A. Ryan, Y. Kamei, M. Soderstrom, C. K. Glass, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1995. Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor. Nature 377:397–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Htun, H., L. T. Holth, D. Walker, J. R. Davie, and G. L. Hager. 1999. Direct visualization of the human estrogen receptor alpha reveals a role for ligand in the nuclear distribution of the receptor. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:471–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu, X., Y. Li, and M. A. Lazar. 2001. Determinants of CoRNR-dependent repression complex assembly on nuclear hormone receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:1747–1758.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ikonen, T., J. J. Palvimo, and O. A. Janne. 1997. Interaction between the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the rat androgen receptor modulates transcriptional activity and is influenced by nuclear receptor coactivators. J. Biol. Chem. 272:29821–29828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizuka, M., H. Kawate, R. Takayanagi, H. Ohshima, R. H. Tao, and H. Hagiwara. 2005. A zinc finger protein TZF is a novel corepressor of androgen receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 331:1025–1031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson, T. A., J. K. Richer, D. L. Bain, G. S. Takimoto, L. Tung, and K. B. Horwitz. 1997. The partial agonist activity of antagonist-occupied steroid receptors is controlled by a novel hinge domain-binding coactivator L7/SPA and the corepressors N-CoR or SMRT. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenster, G., H. A. van der Korput, J. Trapman, and A. O. Brinkmann. 1995. Identification of two transcription activation units in the N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7341–7346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P. L., and Y. B. Shi. 2003. N-CoR-HDAC corepressor complexes: roles in transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 274:237–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawata, M. 2001. Subcellular steroid/nuclear receptor dynamics. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 64:353–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawate, H., Y. Wu, K. Ohnaka, H. Nawata, and R. Takayanagi. 2005. Tob proteins suppress steroid hormone receptor-mediated transcriptional activation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 230:77–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langley, E., Z. X. Zhou, and E. M. Wilson. 1995. Evidence for an anti-parallel orientation of the ligand-activated human androgen receptor dimer. J. Biol. Chem. 270:29983–29990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., J. Fu, C. Toumazou, H. G. Yoon, and J. Wong. 2006. A role of the amino-terminal (N) and carboxyl-terminal (C) interaction in binding of androgen receptor to chromatin. Mol. Endocrinol. 20:776–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, G., L. Y. Chen, A. Zhang, A. Godavarthy, F. Xia, J. C. Ghosh, H. Li, and J. D. Chen. 2003. Regulation of androgen receptor activity by the nuclear receptor corepressor SMRT. J. Biol. Chem. 278:5052–5061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally, J. G., W. G. Müller, D. Walker, R. Wolford, and G. L. Hager. 2000. The glucocorticoid receptor: rapid exchange with regulatory sites in living cells. Science 287:1262–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metivier, R., G. Penot, M. R. Hubner, G. Reid, H. Brand, M. Kos, and F. Gannon. 2003. Estrogen receptor-alpha directs ordered, cyclical, and combinatorial recruitment of cofactors on a natural target promoter. Cell 115:751–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moilanen, A., N. Rouleau, T. Ikonen, J. J. Palvimo, and O. A. Janne. 1997. The presence of a transcription activation function in the hormone-binding domain of androgen receptor is revealed by studies in yeast cells. FEBS Lett. 412:355–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagy, L., H. Y. Kao, D. Chakravarti, R. J. Lin, C. A. Hassig, D. E. Ayer, S. L. Schreiber, and R. M. Evans. 1997. Nuclear receptor repression mediated by a complex containing SMRT, mSin3A, and histone deacetylase. Cell 89:373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, L., H. Y. Kao, J. D. Love, C. Li, E. Banayo, J. T. Gooch, V. Krishna, K. Chatterjee, R. M. Evans, and J. W. Schwabe. 1999. Mechanism of corepressor binding and release from nuclear hormone receptors. Genes Dev. 13:3209–3216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perissi, V., A. Aggarwal, C. K. Glass, D. W. Rose, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 2004. A corepressor/coactivator exchange complex required for transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and other regulated transcription factors. Cell 116:511–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phair, R. D., and T. Misteli. 2000. High mobility of proteins in the mammalian cell nucleus. Nature 404:604–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh, M., R. Takayanagi, K. Goto, A. Fukamizu, A. Tomura, T. Yanase, and H. Nawata. 2002. The presence of both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains in the AR is essential for the completion of a transcriptionally active form with coactivators and intranuclear compartmentalization common to the steroid hormone receptors: a three-dimensional imaging study. Mol. Endocrinol. 16:694–706.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaaf, M. J., and J. A. Cidlowski. 2003. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor mobility in living cells: the importance of ligand affinity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:1922–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf, M. J., L. J. Lewis-Tuffin, and J. A. Cidlowski. 2005. Ligand-selective targeting of the glucocorticoid receptor to nuclear subdomains is associated with decreased receptor mobility. Mol. Endocrinol. 19:1501–1515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz, M., M. Eggert, A. Baniahmad, A. Dostert, T. Heinzel, and R. Renkawitz. 2002. RU486-induced glucocorticoid receptor agonism is controlled by the receptor N terminus and by corepressor binding. J. Biol. Chem. 277:26238–26243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith C. L., Z. Nawaz, and B. W. O'Malley. 1997. Coactivator and corepressor regulation of the agonist/antagonist activity of the mixed antiestrogen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:657–666.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Söderström, M., A. Vo, T. Heinzel, R. M. Lavinsky, W. M. Yang, E. Seto, D. A. Peterson, M. G. Rosenfeld, and C. K. Glass. 1997. Differential effects of nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) expression levels on retinoic acid receptor-mediated repression support the existence of dynamically regulated corepressor complexes. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:682–692.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein, G. S., S. K. Zaidi, C. D. Braastad, M. Montecino, A. J. van Wijnen, J. Y. Choi, J. L. Stein, J. B. Lian, and A. Javed. 2003. Functional architecture of the nucleus: organizing the regulatory machinery for gene expression, replication and repair. Trends Cell Biol. 13:584–592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenoien, D. L., K. Patel, M. G. Mancini, M. Dutertre, C. L. Smith, B. W. O'Malley, and M. A. Mancini. 2001. FRAP reveals that mobility of oestrogen receptor-alpha is ligand- and proteasome-dependent. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenoien, D. L., M. G. Mancini, K. Patel, E. A. Allegretto, C. L. Smith, and M. A. Mancini. 2000. Subnuclear trafficking of estrogen receptor-alpha and steroid receptor coactivator-1. Mol. Endocrinol. 14:518–534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenoien, D. L., M. Mielke, and M. A. Mancini. 2002. Intranuclear ataxin1 inclusions contain both fast- and slow-exchanging components. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:806–810.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szapary, D., Y. Huang, and S. S. Simons, Jr. 1999. Opposing effects of corepressor and coactivators in determining the dose-response curve of agonists, and residual agonist activity of antagonists, for glucocorticoid receptor-regulated gene expression. Mol. Endocrinol. 13:2108–2121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tao, R. H., H. Kawate, Y. Wu, K. Ohnaka, M. Ishizuka, A. Inoue, H. Hagiwara, and R. Takayanagi. 2006. Testicular zinc finger protein recruits histone deacetylase 2 and suppresses the transactivation function and intranuclear foci formation of agonist-bound androgen receptor competitively with TIF2. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 247:150–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tazawa, H., W. Osman, Y. Shoji, E. Treuter, J. A. Gustafsson, and J. Zilliacus. 2003. Regulation of subnuclear localization is associated with a mechanism for nuclear receptor corepression by RIP140. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:4187–4198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tetel, M. J., S. Jung, P. Carbajo, T. Ladtkow, D. F. Skafar, and D. P. Edwards. 1997. Hinge and amino-terminal sequences contribute to solution dimerization of human progesterone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:1114–1128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tian, B., Z. Mei, Y. Song, J. Dian, Y. Dong, H. Liu, B. Liu, G. Zhao, and Z. Sun. 2006. Knocking down PML impairs p53 signaling transduction pathway and suppresses irradiation induced apoptosis in breast carcinoma cell MCF-7. J. Cell. Biochem. 97:561–571.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomura, A., K. Goto, H. Morinaga, M. Nomura, T. Okabe, T. Yanase, R. Takayanagi, and H. Nawata. 2001. The subnuclear three-dimensional image analysis of androgen receptor fused to green fluorescence protein. J. Biol. Chem. 276:28395–283401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai M. J., and B. W. O'Malley. 1994. Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:451–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voss, T. C., I. A. Demarco, C. F. Booker, and R. N. Day. 2005. Corepressor subnuclear organization is regulated by estrogen receptor via a mechanism that requires the DNA-binding domain. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 231:33–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voss, T. C., I. A. Demarco, C. F. Booker, and R. N. Day. 2005. Functional interactions with Pit-1 reorganize corepressor complexes in the living cell nucleus. J. Cell Sci. 118:3277–3288.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, D., and S. S. Simons, Jr. 2005. Corepressor binding to progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors involves the activation function-1 domain and is inhibited by molybdate. Mol. Endocrinol. 19:1483–1500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Q., J. A. Blackford, Jr., L. N. Song, Y. Huang, S. Cho, and S. S. Simons, Jr. 2004. Equilibrium interactions of corepressors and coactivators with agonist and antagonist complexes of glucocorticoid receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 18:1376–1395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warnmark, A., E. Treuter, A. P. Wright, and J. A. Gustafsson. 2003. Activation functions 1 and 2 of nuclear receptors: molecular strategies for transcriptional activation. Mol. Endocrinol. 17:1901–1909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb, P., C. M. Anderson, C. Valentine, P. Nguyen, A. Marimuthu, B. L. West, J. D. Baxter, and P. J. Kushner. 2000. The nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) contains three isoleucine motifs (I/LXXII) that serve as receptor interaction domains (IDs). Mol. Endocrinol. 14:1976–1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, X., H. Li, E. J. Park, and J. D. Chen. 2001. SMRTe inhibits MEF2C transcriptional activation by targeting HDAC4 and 5 to nuclear domains. J. Biol. Chem. 276:24177–24185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, S., E. R. Sampson, D. K. Lee, E. Kim, C. L. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, H. C. Chang, S. Altuwaijri, K. E. Huang, and C. Chang. 2000. Functional analysis of androgen receptor N-terminal and ligand binding domain interacting coregulators in prostate cancer. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 99:885–894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon, H. G., D. W. Chan, Z. Q. Huang, J. Li, J. D. Fondell, J. Qin, and J. Wong. 2003. Purification and functional characterization of the human N-CoR complex: the roles of HDAC3, TBL1 and TBLR1. EMBO J. 22:1336–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, C., E. Kim, S. L. Warren, and S. M. Berget. 1997. Dynamic relocation of transcription and splicing factors dependent upon transcriptional activity. EMBO J. 16:1401–1412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao, Y., K. Goto, M. Saitoh, T. Yanase, M. Nomura, T. Okabe, R. Takayanagi, and H. Nawata. 2002. Activation function-1 domain of androgen receptor contributes to the interaction between subnuclear splicing factor compartment and nuclear receptor compartment. Identification of the p102 U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle-binding protein as a coactivator for the receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 277:30031–30039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar