Segregation of Unreplicated Chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals a Novel G₁/M-Phase Checkpoint

REFERENCES

• Al-Khodairy, F., and A. M. Carr. 1992. DNA repair mutants defining G2 checkpoint pathways in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 11:1343–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J. B., Z. Zhou, W. Siede, E. C. Friedberg, and S. J. Elledge. 1994. The SAD1/RAD53 protein kinase controls multiple checkpoints and DNA damage-induced transcription in yeast. Genes Dev. 8:2416–2428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amon, A., U. Surana, I. Muroff, and K. Nasmyth. 1992. Regulation of the p34CDC28 tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for entry into mitosis in S. cerevisiae. Nature (London) 355:368–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, S. P., R. Kobayashi, and B. Stillman. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex functions in transcription silencing and DNA replication. Science 262:1844–1849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corliss, D. A., and W. E. White, Jr. 1981. Fluorescence of yeast vitally stained with ethidium bromide and propidium iodide. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29:45–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diffley, J. F. X., J. H. Cocker, S. J. Dowell, and A. Rowley. 1994. Two steps in the assembly of complexes at yeast replication origins in vivo. Cell 78:303–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, J. D., J. H. Toyn, A. L. Johnson, and L. H. Johnston. 1994. P40SDB25, a putative CDK inhibitor, has a role in the M/G1 transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 8:1640–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elledge, S. J., and R. W. Davis. 1990. Two genes differentially regulated in the cell cycle and by DNA-damaging agents encode alternative regulatory subunits of ribonucleotide reductase. Genes Dev. 4:740–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoch, T., A. M. Carr, and P. Nurse. 1992. Fission yeast genes involved in coupling mitosis to completion of DNA replication. Genes Dev. 6:2035–2046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evan, G. I., G. K. Lewis, G. Ramsay, and J. M. Bishop. 1985. Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c-myc proto-oncogene product. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3610–3616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. C., F. Al-Khodairy, E. Fotou, K. S. Sheldrick, D. J. F. Griffiths, and A. M. Carr. 1994. 14-3-3 protein homologs required for the DNA damage checkpoint in fission yeast. Science 265:533–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, M., F. J. McNally, P. Laurenson, and J. Rine. 1993. Origin recognition complex (ORC) in transcriptional silencing and DNA replication in S. cer-evisiae. Science 262:1838–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, S. I., R. T. Surosky, and B.-K. Tye. 1990. The phenotype of the minichromosome maintenance mutant mcm3 is characteristic of mutants defective in DNA replication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5707–5720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimeno, C. J., P. O. Ljungdahl, C. A. Styles, and G. R. Fink. 1992. Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: regulation by starvation and RAS. Cell 68:1077–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell, L. H., R. K. Mortimer, J. Culotti, and M. Culotti. 1973. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. V. Genetic analysis of cdc mutants. Genetics 74:267–286.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy, K. M., A. Lee, E. Chen, and D. Botstein. 1991. A group of interacting yeast DNA replication genes. Genes Dev. 5:958–969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofmann, J. F. X., and D. Beach. 1994. cdt1 is an essential target of the Cdc10/Sct1 transcription factor: requirement for DNA replication and inhibition of mitosis. EMBO J. 13:425–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt, M. A., L. Totis, and B. T. Roberts. 1991. S. cerevisiae genes required for cell cycle arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell 66:507–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, C. W., A. E. M. Adams, P. J. Szaniszlo, and J. R. Pringle. 1988. Functions of microtubules in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 107:1409–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. H. 1990. Periodic events in the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2:274–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston, L. H., and A. P. M. Thomas. 1982. The isolation of new DNA synthesis mutants in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 186:439–444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston, L. H., and A. P. M. Thomas. 1982. A further two mutants defective in initiation of the S phase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 186:445–448.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kassir, Y., and G. Simchen. 1975. Regulation of mating and meiosis in yeast by the mating-type region. Genetics 82:187–206.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, T. J., G. S. Martin, S. L. Forsburg, R. J. Stephen, A. Russo, and P. Nurse. 1993. The fission yeast cdc18 gene product couples S phase to START and mitosis. Cell 74:371–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitada, K., A. L. Johnson, L. H. Johnston, and A. Sugino. 1993. A multicopy suppressor gene of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1 cell cycle mutant gene dbf4 encodes a protein kinase and is identified as CDC5. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4445–4457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitada, K., L. H. Johnston, T. Sugino, and A. Sugino. 1992. Temperature-sensitive cdc7 mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are suppressed by the DBF4 gene, which is required for the G1/S cell cycle transition. Genetics 131:21–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapholz, S., and R. E. Esposito. 1980. Isolation of spo12-1 and spo13-1 from a natural variant of yeast that undergoes a single meiotic division. Genetics 96:567–588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koshland, D. 1994. Mitosis: back to the basics. Cell 77:951–954.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, J. J., and R. J. Deshaies. 1993. Exercising self-restraint: discouraging illicit acts of S and M in eukaryotes. Cell 74:223–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, R., and A. W. Murray. 1991. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 66:519–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugroho, T. T., and M. D. Mendenhall. 1994. An inhibitor of yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase plays an important role in ensuring the genomic integrity of daughter cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3320–3328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Micklem, G., A. Rowley, J. Harwood, K. Nasmyth, and J. F. X. Diffley. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex is involved in DNA replication and transcriptional silencing. Nature (London) 366:87–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, S., and P. Nurse. 1994. Regulation of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle by the rum11 gene. Nature (London) 367:236–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. W. 1992. Creative blocks: cell cycle checkpoints and feedback controls. Nature (London) 359:599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navas, T. A., Z. Zhou, and S. J. Elledge. 1995. DNA polymerase ε links the DNA replication machinery to the S phase checkpoint. Cell 80:29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieder, C. L., A. Schultz, R. Cole, and G. Sluder. 1994. Anaphase onset in vertebrate somatic cells is controlled by a checkpoint that monitors sister kinetochore attachment to the spindle. J. Cell Biol. 127:1301–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley, A., S. J. Dowell, and J. F. X. Diffley. 1994. Recent developments in the initiation of chromosomal DNA replication: a complex picture emerges. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1217:239–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowley, R., S. Subramani, and P. G. Young. 1992. Checkpoint controls in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: rad1. EMBO J. 11:1335–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saka, Y., P. Fantes, T. Sutani, C. McInerny, J. Creanor, and M. Yanagida. 1994. Fission yeast cut5 links nuclear chromatin and M phase regulator in the replication checkpoint control. EMBO J. 13:5319–5329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saka, Y., and M. Yanagida. 1993. Fission yeast cut51, required for S phase onset and M phase restraint, is identical to the radiation-damage repair gene rad41. Cell 74:383–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sclafani, R. A., and A. L. Jackson. 1994. Cdc7 protein kinase for DNA metabolism comes of age. Mol. Microbiol. 11:805–810.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheldrick, K. S., and A. M. Carr. 1993. Feedback controls and G2 checkpoints: fission yeast as a model system. Bioessays 15:775–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, F., G. R. Fink, and J. B. Hicks. 1986. Methods in yeast genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, N. A., M. B. Wright, S. Chang, A. M. Buckley, L. B. Dumas, and R. F. Gaber. 1992. Genetic and molecular analysis of DNA43 and DNA52: two new cell cycle genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 8:273–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer, F., and P. Hieter. 1992. Centromere DNA mutations induce a mitotic delay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 8908–8912.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surana, U., H. Robitsch, C. Price, T. Schuster, I. Fitch, A. B. Futcher, and K. Nasmyth. 1991. The role of CDC28 and cyclins during mitosis in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. Cell 65:145–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyn, J. H., and L. H. Johnston. 1993. Spo12 is a limiting factor that interacts with the cell cycle protein kinases Dbf2 and Dbf20, which are involved in mitotic chromatid disjunction. Genetics 135:963–971.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toyn, J. H., and L. H. Johnston. 1994. The Dbf2 and Dbf20 protein kinases of budding yeast are activated after the metaphase to anaphase cell cycle transition. EMBO J. 13:1103–1113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toyn, J. H., W. M. Toone, B. A. Morgan, and L. H. Johnston. 1995. The activation of DNA replication in yeast. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:70–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walworth, N., S. Davey, and D. Beach. 1993. Fission yeast chk1 protein kinase links the rad checkpoint pathway to cdc2. Nature (London) 363:368–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert, T. A., and L. H. Hartwell. 1988. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 241: 317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert, T. A., G. L. Kiser, and L. H. Hartwell. 1994. Mitotic checkpoint genes in budding yeast and the dependence of mitosis on DNA replication and repair. Genes Dev. 8:652–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar