c-jun inhibits insulin control element-mediated transcription by affecting the transactivation potential of the E2A gene products

REFERENCES

• Andersson, S., D. L. Davis, H. Dahlback, H. Jornvall, and D. W. Russell. 1989. Cloning, structure and expression of the mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 sterol 26-hydroxylase, a bile acid biosynthetic enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 264:8222–8229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angel, P., M. Imagawa, R. Chiu, B. Stein, R. J. Imbra, H. J. Ramsdorf, C. Jonat, P. Herrlich, and M. Karin. 1987. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell 49:729–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronheim, A., R. Shiran, A. Rosen, and M. D. Walker. 1993. The E2A gene product contains two separable and functionally distinct transcription activation domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8063–8067.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benezra, R., R. L. Davis, D. Lockshon, D. L. Turner, and H. Weintraub. 1990. The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 61:49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengal, E., L. Ransone, R. Scharfmann, V. J. Dwarki, S. J. Tapscott, H. Weintraub, and I. M. Verma. 1992. Functional antagonism between c-jun and MyoD proteins: a direct physical association. Cell 68:507–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boam, D. S. W., A. R. Clark, and K. Docherty. 1990. Positive and negative regulation of the insulin gene by multiple trans-acting factors. J. Biol. Chem. 265:8285–8296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brennan, T. J., T. Chakraborty, and E. N. Olson. 1991. Mutagenesis of the myogenin basic region identifies an ancient protein motif critical for activation of myogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5675–5679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakraborty, T., J. F. Martin, and E. N. Olson. 1992. Analysis of the oligomerization of myogenin and E2A products in vivo using a two-hybrid assay system. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17497–17501.
   Google Scholar
• Cordle, S. R., E. Henderson, H. Masuoka, P. A. Weil, and R. Stein. 1991. Pancreatic β-cell-type-specific transcription of the insulin gene is mediated by basic helix-loop-helix DNA-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1734–1738.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowe, D. T., and M.-J. Tsai. 1989. Mutagenesis of the rat insulin II 59-flanking region defines sequences important for expression in HIT cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1784–1789.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis, R. L., P.-F. Cheng, A. B. Lassar, and H. Weintraub. 1990. The MyoD binding domain contains a recognition code for muscle-specific gene activation. Cell 60:733–756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Wet, J. R., K. V. Wood, M. DeLuca, D. R. Helinski, and S. Subramani. 1987. Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:725–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund, T., M. D. Walker, P. J. Barr, and W. J. Rutter. 1985. Cell-specific expression of the rat insulin gene: evidence for role of two distinct 59-flanking sequences. Science 230:912–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efrat, S., S. Linde, H. Kofod, D. Spector, M. Delannoy, S. Grant, D. Hana-han, and S. Baekkeskov. 1988. Beta cell lines derived from transgenic mice expressing a hybrid insulin gene-oncogene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 9037–9041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gentz, R., F. J. Rauscher III, C. Abate, and T. Curran. 1989. Parallel association of Fos and Jun leucine zippers juxtaposes DNA-binding domains. Science 243:1695–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German, M. S., M. A. Blanar, C. Nelson, L. G. Moss, and W. J. Rutter. 1991. Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:292–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• German, M. S., L. G. Moss, and W. J. Rutter. 1990. Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in transfected primary islet cultures. J. Biol. Chem. 265:22063–22066.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• German, M. S., and J. Wang. 1994. The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4067–4075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamaguchi, K., and E. H. Leiter. 1990. Comparison of cytokine effects on mouse pancreatic α-cell and β-cell lines. Diabetes 39:415–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, E., and R. Stein. 1994. c-Jun inhibits transcriptional activation by the insulin enhancer: the ICE is the target of control. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:655–662.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henthorn, P., M. Kiledjian, and T. Kadesch. 1990. Two distinct transcription factors that bind the immunoglobulin enhancer mE5/kE2 motif. Science 247:467–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henthorn, P., R. McCarrick-Walmsley, and T. Kadesch. 1990. Sequence of the cDNA encoding ITF-1, a positive-acting transcription factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inagaki, N., T. Maekawa, T. Sudo, S. Ishii, Y. Seino, and H. Imura. 1992. c-Jun represses the human insulin promoter activity that depends on multiple cAMP response elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1045–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jen, Y., H. Weintraub, and R. Benezra. 1992. Overexpression of Id inhibits the muscle differentiation program: in vivo association of Id with E2A proteins. Genes Dev. 6:1466–1479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlsson, O., T. Edlund, J. B. Moss, W. J. Rutter, and M. D. Walker. 1987. A mutational analysis of the insulin gene transcription control region: expression in beta cells is dependent on two related sequences within the enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8819–8823.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlsson, O., M. D. Walker, W. J. Rutter, and T. Edlund. 1989. A mutational analysis of the insulin gene transcription control region: expression in beta cells is dependent on two related sequences within the enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:823–827.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, L., J.-C. Chambard, M. Karin, and E. N. Olson. 1992. Fos and jun repress transcriptional activation by myogenin and MyoD: the amino terminus of jun can mediate repression. Genes Dev. 6:676–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillie, J. W., and M. R. Green. 1989. Transcription activation by adenovirus E1a protein. Nature (London) 338:39–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melloul, D., Y. Ben-Neriah, and E. Cerasi. 1993. Glucose modulates the binding of an islet-specific factor to a conserved sequence within the rat I and the human insulin promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3865–3869.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murre, C., P. S. McCaw, H. Vaessin, M. Cudy, L. Y. Jan, Y. N. Jan, C. V. Cabrera, J. Buskin, S. D. Hasuschka, A. B. Lassar, H. Weintraub, and D. Baltimore. 1989. Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence. Cell 58:537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordeen, S. K., P. P. Green III, and D. M. Fowles. 1987. Laboratory methods. A rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive assay for chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase. DNA 6:173–178.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlsson, H., S. Thor, and T. Edlund. 1991. Novel insulin promoter- and enhancer-binding proteins that discriminate between pancreatic α and β cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:897–904.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quong, M. W., M. E. Massari, R. Zwart, and C. Murre. 1993. A new transcriptional-activation motif restricted to a class of helix-loop-helix proteins is functionally conserved in both yeast and mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:792–800.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson, G. L. W. G., S. R. Cordle, E. Henderson, P. A. Weil, G. Teitelman, and R. Stein. 1994. Isolation and characterization of a novel transcription factor that binds to and activates insulin control element-mediated expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6704–6714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson, G. L. W. G., M. Peshavaria, E. Henderson, S.-Y. Shieh, M.-J. Tsai, G. Teitelman, and R. Stein. 1994. Expression of the trans-active factors that stimulate insulin control element mediated activity precedes insulin transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 269:2452–2460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadowski, I., J. Ma, S. J. Triezenberg, and M. Ptashne. 1988. GAL4-VP16 is an unusually potent transcriptional activator. Nature (London) 335:563–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., and R. Stein. 1994. Glucose-induced transcription of the insulin gene is mediated by factors required for β-cell-type-specific expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:871–879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shieh, S.-Y., and M.-J. Tsai. 1991. Cell-specific and ubiquitous factors are responsible for the enhancer activity of the rat insulin II gene. J. Biol. Chem. 266:16708–16714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smeal, T., B. Binetruy, D. A. Mercola, M. Birrer, and M. Karin. 1991. Oncogenic and transcriptional cooperation with Ha-ras requires phosphor-ylation on c-jun on serines 63 and 73. Nature (London) 354:494–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, R. 1993. Factors regulating insulin gene transcription. Trends Endo-crinol. Metab. 4:96–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner, D. F., S. J. Chan, J. M. Welsh, and S. C. K. Kwok. 1985. Structure and evolution of the insulin gene. Annu. Rev. Genet. 19:463–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X.-H., and D. Baltimore. 1991. An inhibitory domain of E12 transcription factor prevents DNA binding in E12 homodimers but not E12 het-erodimers. Cell 64:459–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, P., and T. J. Bos. 1990. Jun: oncogene and transcription factor. Adv. Cancer Res. 55:1–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weintraub, H., V. J. Dwarki, I. Verma, R. Davis, S. Hollenberg, L. Snider, A. B. Lassar, and S. Tapscott. 1991. Muscle-specific transcriptional activation by MyoD. Gene Dev. 5:1377–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan, J., S. R. Cordle, E. Henderson, P. A. Weil, and R. Stein. 1990. Identification of a pancreatic β-cell insulin gene transcription factor that binds to and appears to activate cell-type-specific expression: its possible relationship to other cellular factors that bind to a common insulin gene sequence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1564–1572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whelan, J., D. Poon, P. A. Weil, and R. Stein. 1989. Pancreatic β-cell-type-specific expression of the rat insulin II gene is controlled by positive and negative transcriptional elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3253–3259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar