Identification of an Origin of Bidirectional DNA Replication in the Ubiquitously Expressed Mammalian CAD Gene

REFERENCES

• Ariga, H., Y. Imamura, and S. M. M. Iguchi-Ariga. 1989. DNA replication origin and transcriptional enhancer in c-myc gene share the c-myc protein binding site. EMBO J. 8:4273–4279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ariizumi, K., Z. Wang, and P. W. Tucker. 1993. Immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer is located near or in an initiation zone of chromosomal DNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3695–3699.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bein, K., J. P. Simmer, and D. R. Evans. 1991. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the amino end of the mammalian multifunctional protein CAD and analysis of the 59-flanking region of the CAD gene. J. Biol. Chem. 266:3791–3799.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell, S. P., R. Kobayashi, and B. Stillman. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex functions in transcription silencing and DNA replication. Science 262:1844–1849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berberich, S., A. Trivedi, D. C. Daniel, E. M. Johnson, and M. Leffak. 1995. In vitro replication of plasmids containing human c-myc DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 245:92–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blow, J. 1992. A protein complex present at origins of DNA replication in yeast cells. Bioessays 14:561–563.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blow, J. J., and R. A. Laskey. 1988. A role for the nuclear membrane in controlling DNA replication within the cell cycle. Nature (London) 332: 546–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramhill, D., and A. Kornberg. 1988. A model for initiation at origins of DNA replication. Cell 54:915–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. J. 1994. Intergenic DNA and the sequence requirements for replication initiation in eukaryotes. Curr. Biol. 4:196–202.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. J., and W. L. Fangman. 1987. The localization of replication origins on ARS plasmids in S. cerevisiae. Cell 51:463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. J., and W. L. Fangman. 1988. A replication fork barrier at the 39 end of yeast ribosomal RNA genes. Cell 55:637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. J., and W. L. Fangman. 1993. Initiation at closely spaced replication origins in a yeast chromosome. Science 262:1728–1731.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brewer, B. J., D. Lockshon, and W. L. Fangman. 1992. The arrest of replication forks in the rDNA of yeast occurs independently of transcription. Cell 71:267–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman, A. R., W. J. Kimmerly, J. Rine, and R. D. Kornberg. 1988. Two DNA-binding factors recognize specific sequences at silencers, upstream activating sequences, autonomously replicating sequences, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:210–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burhans, W. C., J. E. Selegue, and N. H. Heintz. 1986. Isolation of the origin of replication associated with the amplified Chinese hamster dihy-drofolate reductase domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7790–7794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burhans, W. C., L. T. Vassilev, M. S. Caddle, N. H. Heintz, and M. L. DePamphilis. 1990. Identification of an origin of bi-directional DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. Cell 62:955–965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burhans, W. C., L. T. Vassilev, J. Wu, J. M. Sogo, F. S. Nallaseth, and M. L. DePamphilis. 1991. Emetine allows identification of origins of mammalian DNA replication by imbalanced DNA synthesis, not through conservative nucleosome segregation. EMBO J. 10:4351–4360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caddle, M. S., and M. P. Calos. 1992. Analysis of the autonomous replication behavior in human cells of the dihydrofolate reductase putative chromosomal origin of replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:5971–5978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caddle, M. S., and M. P. Calos. 1994. Specific initiation at an origin of replication from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1796–1805.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, S. M., M. L. DeRose, P. Gaudray, C. M. Moore, V. Needham, D. Von Hoff, and G. M. Wahl. 1988. Double minute chromosomes can be produced from precursors derived from a chromosomal deletion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1525–1533.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, S. M., M. L. DeRose, J. L. Kolman, G. H. Nonet, R. E. Kelly, and G. M. Wahl. 1993. Localization of a bidirectional DNA replication origin in the native locus and in episomally amplified murine adenosine deaminase loci. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2971–2981.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, S. M., P. Gaudray, M. L. DeRose, J. F. Emery, J. L. Meinkoth, E. Nakkim, M. Subler, D. Von Hoff, and G. M. Wahl. 1987. Characterization of an episome produced in hamster cells that amplify a transfected CAD gene at high frequency: functional evidence for a mammalian replication origin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1740–1750.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, S. M., J. Trotter, and G. M. Wahl. 1991. Replication timing control can be maintained in extrachromosomally amplified genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:4779–4785.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Challberg, M. D., and T. J. Kelly. 1989. Animal virus DNA replication. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:671–717.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, L., and T. J. Kelly. 1989. Transcriptional activator nuclear factor I stimulates the replication of SV40 mini chromosomes in vivo and in vitro. Cell 59:541–557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Church, G. M., and W. Gilbert. 1984. Genomic sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:1991–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePamphilis, M. L. 1993. Origins of DNA replication in metazoan chromosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePamphilis, M. L. 1993. Eukaryotic DNA replication: anatomy of an origin. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:29–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DePamphilis, M. L., and M. K. Bradley. 1986. Replication of SV40 and polyoma virus chromosomes, p. 66–246. In N. Salzman (ed.), The Papova-viridae, vol. 1. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
   Google Scholar
• DePamphilis, M. L., and P. M. Wassarman. 1980. Replication of eukaryotic chromosomes: a close-up of the replication fork. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49:627–666.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeRose, M. L., B. Draper, and G. M. Wahl. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Diffley, J. F., J. H. Cocker, S. J. Dowell, and A. Rowley. 1994. Two steps in the assembly of complexes at yeast replication origins in vivo. Cell 78:303–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diffley, J. F. X., and B. Stillman. 1988. Purification of a yeast protein that binds to origins of DNA replication and a transcriptional silencer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2120–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diller, J. D., and M. K. Raghuraman. 1994. Eukaryotic replication origins: control in space and time. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:320–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dolbeare, F., H. Gratzner, M. G. Pallavicini, and J. W. Gray. 1983. Flow cytometric measurement of total DNA content and incorporated bromode-oxyuridine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5573–5577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey, D. D., J. Zhu, D. L. Carlson, K. Sharma, and J. A. Huberman. 1994. Three ARS elements contribute to the ura4 replication origin region in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 13:3638–3747.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epner, E., C. G. Kin, and M. Groudine. 1992. What does the locus central region control? Curr. Biol. 2:262–264.
   Google Scholar
• Fangman, W. L., and B. J. Brewer. 1991. Activation of replication origins within yeast chromosomes. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 7:375–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farnham, P. J., and R. Kollmar. 1990. Characterization of the 59 end of the growth-regulated Syrian hamster CAD gene. Cell Growth Differ. 1:179–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester, W. C., E. Epner, M. C. Driscoll, T. Enver, M. Brice, T. Papayannopoulou, and M. Groudine. 1990. A deletion of the human beta-globin locus activation region causes a major alteration in chromatin structure and replication across the entire beta-globin locus. Genes Dev. 4:1637–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester, W. C., U. Novak, R. Gelinas, and M. Groudine. 1989. Molecular analysis of the human beta-globin locus activation region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5439–5443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, M., F. J. McNally, P. Laurenson, and J. Rine. 1993. Origin recognition complex (ORC) in transcriptional silencing and DNA replication in S. cerevisiae. Science 262:1838–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frappier, L., and M. Zannis-Hadjopoulos. 1987. Autonomous replication of plasmids bearing monkey DNA origin-enriched sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6668–6672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuller, R. S., B. E. Funnell, and A. Kornberg. 1984. The dnaA protein complex with the E. coli chromosomal replication origin (oriC) and other DNA sites. Cell 38:889–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahn, T. A., and C. L. Schildkraut. 1989. The Epstein-Barr virus origin of plasmid replication, oriP, contains both the initiation and termination sites of DNA replication. Cell 58:527–535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gale, J. M., R. A. Tobey, and J. A. D'Anna. 1992. Localization and DNA sequence of a replication origin in the rhodopsin gene locus of Chinese hamster cells. J. Mol. Biol. 224:343–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgopoulus, C. 1989. The E. coli DnaA protein: a protein for all seasons. Trends Genet. 5:319–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giacca, M., L. Zentilin, P. Norio, S. Diviacco, D. Dimitrova, G. Contreas, G. Biamonti, G. Perini, F. Weinghardt, S. Riva, et al. 1994. Fine mapping of a replication origin in human DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7119–7123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, M. A. 1988. The chromatin domain as a unit of gene regulation. Bioessays 9:50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase, S. B., S. S. Heinzel, and M. P. Calos. 1994. Transcription inhibits the replication of autonomously replicating plasmids in human cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2516–2524.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamlin, J. L., T. H. Leu, P. K. Foreman, C. A. Ma, J. P. Vaughn, P. A. Dijkwel, L. Creeper, and H. Willard. 1988. Analysis of the initiation locus of the amplified dihydroorotase reductase domain in CHO cells. Cancer Cells 6:329–333.
   Google Scholar
• Handeli, S., A. Klar, M. Meuth, and H. Cedar. 1989. Mapping replication units in animal cells. Cell 57:909–920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hay, R., and M. DePamphilis. 1982. Initiation of SV40 DNA replication in vivo: location and structure of 59 ends of DNA synthesized in the ori region. Cell 28:767–779.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heintz, N., and J. Hamlin. 1982. An amplified chromosomal sequence that includes the gene for dihydrofolate reductase initiates replication within specific restriction fragments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:4083–4087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinzel, S. S., P. J. Krysan, C. T. Tran, and M. P. Calos. 1991. Autonomous DNA replication in human cells is affected by the size and the source of the DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2263–2272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberman, J. A., and A. D. Riggs. 1968. On the mechanisms of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. J. Mol. Biol. 32:327–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberman, J. A., L. D. Spotila, K. A. Nawotka, S. M. El-Assouli, and L. R. Davis. 1987. The in vivo replication origin of the yeast 2 micron plasmid. Cell 51:473–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyrien, O., and M. Mechali. 1992. Plasmid replication in Xenopus eggs and egg extracts: a 2D gel electrophoretic analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1463–1469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iguchi-Ariga, S. M. M., T. Itani, Y. Kiji, and H. Ariga. 1987. Possible function of the c-myc product: promotion of cellular DNA replication. EMBO J. 6:2365–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iguchi-Ariga, S. M. M., T. Okazaki, T. Itani, and H. Ariga. 1988. Cloning of the p53-dependent origin of cellular DNA replication. Oncogene 3:509–515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iguchi-Ariga, S. M. M., T. Okazaki, T. Itani, M. Ogata, Y. Sato, and H. Ariga. 1988. An initiation site of DNA replication with transcriptional enhancer activity present upstream of the c-myc gene. EMBO J. 7:3135–3142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacob, F., J. Brenner, and F. Cuzin. 1964. On the regulation of DNA replication in bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28:329.
   Google Scholar
• Kearsey, S. 1984. Structural requirements for the function of a yeast chromosomal replicator. Cell 37:299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellems, R. E. (ed.). 1993. Gene amplification in mammalian cells: a comprehensive guide. Marcel Dekker, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, R. E., and G. M. Wahl. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Kipling, D., and S. E. Kearsey. 1989. Analysis of expression of hybrid yeast genes containing ARS elements. Mol. Gen. Genet. 218:531–538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitsberg, D., S. Sellig, I. Keshet, and H. Cedar. 1993. Replication structure of the human β-globin gene domain. Nature (London) 366:588–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, T., M. Hidaka, M. Nishizawa, and T. Horiuchi. 1992. Identifi-cation of a site required for DNA replication fork blocking activity in the rRNA gene cluster of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 223:355–362.
   Google Scholar
• Kollmar, R., K. A. Sukow, S. K. Sponagle, and P. J. Farnham. 1994. Start site selection at the TATA-less carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)/aspartate carbamoyltransferase/dihydroorotase promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:2252–2257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krysan, P. J., and M. P. Calos. 1989. Isolation of human sequences that replicate autonomously in human cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1026–1033.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krysan, P. J., and M. P. Calos. 1991. Replication initiates at multiple locations on an autonomously replicating plasmid in human cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1464–1472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leffak, M., and C. D. James. 1989. Opposite replication polarity of the germ line c-myc gene in HeLa cells compared with that of two Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:586–593.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leu, T. H., and J. L. Hamlin. 1989. High-resolution mapping of replication fork movement through the amplified dihydrofolate reductase domain in CHO cells by in-gel renaturation analysis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:523–531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao, W. S., R. Heller, P. Green, and G. R. Stark. 1986. Regulation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamoylase-dihydrooro-tase gene expression in growing and arrested cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 15577–15581.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linskens, M. H., and J. A. Huberman. 1988. Organization of replication of ribosomal DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4927–4935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R. D., T. H. Platt, and C. L. Schildkraut. 1993. Initiation and termination of DNA replication in human rRNA genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6600–6613.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lonn, U., and S. Lonn. 1983. Aphidicolin inhibits the synthesis and joining of short DNA fragments but not the union of 10-kilobase DNA replication intermediates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3996–3999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucchini, R., and J. M. Sogo. 1994. Chromatin structure and transcriptional activity around the replication forks arrested at the 39 end of the yeast rRNA genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahbubani, H. M., T. Paull, J. K. Elder, and J. J. Blow. 1992. DNA replication initiates at multiple sites on plasmid DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1457–1462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Marahrens, Y., and B. Stillman. 1992. A yeast chromosomal origin of DNA replication defined by multiple functional elements. Science 255:817–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marians, K. J. 1992. Prokaryotic DNA replication. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:673–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini, N. J., L. D. Etkin, and R. M. Benbow. 1988. Persistence and replication of plasmid DNA micro injected into early embryos of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 127:421–434.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Parras, L., P. Hernandez, M. Martinez-Robles, and J. B. Schvartzman. 1991. Unidirectional replication as visualized by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 220:843–853.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Parras, L., P. Hernandez, M. Martinez-Robles, and J. Schvartzman. 1992. Initiation of DNA replication in ColE1 plasmids containing multiple potential origins of replication. J. Biol. Chem. 267:22496–22505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKnight, S. L., M. Bustin, and O. L. Miller, Jr. 1977. Electron microscopic analysis of chromosome metabolism in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:741–754.
   Google Scholar
• McWhinney, C., and M. Leffak. 1990. Autonomous replication of a DNA fragment containing the chromosomal replication origin of the human c-myc gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1233–1242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mechali, M., and S. Kearsey. 1984. Lack of specific sequence requirement for DNA replication in Xenopus eggs compared with high sequence specificity in yeast. Cell 38:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecsas, J., and B. Sugden. 1987. Replication of plasmids derived from bovine papilloma virus type 1 and Epstein-Barr virus in cells in culture. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 3:87–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Micklem, G., A. Rowley, J. Harwood, K. Nasmyth, and J. F. Diffley. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex is involved in DNA replication and transcriptional silencing. Nature (London) 366:87–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., H. Erickson, and D. Bastia. 1988. Enhancer-origin interaction in plasmid R6K involves a DNA loop mediated by initiator protein. Cell 2:375–383.
   Google Scholar
• Nawotka, K. A., and J. A. Huberman. 1988. Two-dimensional gel electro-phoretic method for mapping DNA replicons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1408–1413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newlon, C. S., R. J. Devenish, P. A. Suci, and C. J. Roffis. 1981. Replication origins used in vivo in yeast, p. 501–516. In D. S. Ray (ed.), The initiation of DNA replication. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Padgett, R., G. M. Wahl, and G. Stark. 1982. Structure of the gene for CAD, the multifunctional protein that initiates UMP synthesis in Syrian hamster cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:293–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson, C. E., L. Frappier, and M. Zannis-Hadjopoulos. 1991. Plasmids bearing mammalian DNA replication origin-enriched (ORS) fragments initiate semiconservative replication in a cell-free system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1090:156–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prelich, G., and B. Stillman. 1988. Coordinated leading and lagging strand synthesis during SV40 DNA replication in vitro requires PCNA. Cell 53: 117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert de Saint Vincent, B., S. Delbruck, W. Eckhart, J. Meinkoth, L. Vitto, and G. Wahl. 1981. The cloning and reintroduction into animal cells of a functional CAD gene, a dominant amplifiable genetic marker. Cell 27:267–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roufa, D. J., and M. A. Marchionni. 1982. Nucleosome segregation at a defined mammalian chromosomal site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:1810–1814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubnitz, J., and S. Subramani. 1985. Rapid assay for extrachromosomal homologous recombination in monkey cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:529–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schnos, M., K. Zahn, R. B. Inman, and F. R. Blattner. 1988. Initiation protein induced helix destabilization at the lambda origin: a prepriming step in DNA replication. Cell 52:385–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz, M. C., S. Y. Choe, and R. H. Reeder. 1993. In vitro definition of the yeast RNA polymerase I enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2644–2654.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schvartzman, J. B., S. Adolph, P. L. Martin, and C. L. Schildkraut. 1990. Evidence that replication initiates at only some of the potential origins in each oligomeric form of bovine papillomavirus type 1 DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3078–3086.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmer, J. P., R. E. Kelly, A. G. Rinker, Jr., J. L. Scully, and D. R. Evans. 1990. Mammalian carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS): cDNA sequence and evolution of the CPS domain of the Syrian hamster multifunctional protein CAD. J. Biol. Chem. 265:10395–10402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmer, J. P., R. E. Kelly, A. G. Rinker, Jr., B. H. Zimmermann, J. L. Scully, H. Kim, and D. R. Evans. 1990. Mammalian dihydroorotase: nucleotide sequence, peptide sequences, and evolution of the dihydroorotase domain of the multifunctional protein CAD. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:174–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simmer, J. P., R. E. Kelly, J. L. Scully, D. R. Grayson, A. G. Rinker, Jr., S. T. Bergh, and D. R. Evans. 1989. Mammalian aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase): sequence of the ATCase domain and interdomain linker in the CAD multifunctional polypeptide and properties of the isolated domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4382–4386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snapka, R. M., P. A. Permana, G. Marquit, and C. G. Shin. 1991. Two-dimensional agarose gel analysis of simian virus 40 DNA replication intermediates. Methods 3:73–82.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, M., R. J. Sapolsky, and R. W. Davis. 1988. Transcription interferes with elements important for chromosome maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2184–2194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stubblefield, E. 1975. Analysis of the replication pattern of Chinese hamster chromosomes using 5-bromodeoxyuridine suppression of 33258 Ho-echst fluorescence. Chromosoma 53:209–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudo, K., M. Ogata, Y. Sato, A. S. Iguchi, and H. Ariga. 1990. Cloned origin of DNA replication in c-myc gene can function and be transmitted in transgenic mice in an episomal state. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1233–1242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swyryd, E. A., S. S. Seaver, and G. R. Stark. 1974. N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, a potent transition state analog inhibitor of aspartate transcar-bamylase, blocks proliferation of mammalian cells in culture. J. Biol. Chem. 249:6945–6950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taira, T., A. S. Iguchi, and H. Ariga. 1994. A novel DNA replication origin identified in the human heat shock protein 70 gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6386–6397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tasheva, E. S., and D. J. Roufa. 1994. A mammalian origin of bidirectional DNA replication within the Chinese hamster RPS14 locus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5628–5635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasheva, E. S., and D. J. Roufa. 1994. Densely methylated DNA islands in mammalian chromosomal replication origins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5636–5644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfa-Selase, F., and W. T. Drabble. 1992. Regulation of the gua operon of Escherichia coli by the DnaA protein. Mol. Gen. Genet. 231:256–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tseng, B. Y., and M. Goulian. 1975. Evidence for covalent association of RNA with nascent DNA in human lymphocytes. J. Mol. Biol. 99:339–346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Houten, J. V., and C. S. Newlon. 1990. Mutational analysis of the consensus sequence of a replication origin from yeast chromosome III. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3917–3925.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vassilev, L., W. C. Burhans, and M. L. DePamphilis. 1990. Mapping an origin of DNA replication at a single copy locus in exponentially proliferating mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4685–4689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vassilev, L. T., and E. M. Johnson. 1990. An initiation zone of chromosomal DNA replication located upstream of the c-myc genes in proliferating HeLa Cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4899–4904.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaughn, J. P., P. A. Dijkwel, and J. L. Hamlin. 1990. Replication initiates in a broad zone in the amplified CHO dihydrofolate reductase domain. Cell 61:1075–1087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virta-Pearlman, V. J., P. H. Gunaratne, and A. C. Chinault. 1993. Analysis of a replication initiation sequence from the adenosine deaminase region of the mouse genome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:5931–5942.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahl, G. M., R. A. Padgett, and G. R. Stark. 1979. Gene amplification causes overproduction of the first three enzymes of UMP in N-(phospho-nacetyl)-L-aspartate resistant hamster cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254:8679–8689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahl, G. M., B. Robert de Saint Vincent, and M. L. DeRose. 1984. Effect of chromosomal position on amplification of transfected genes in animal cells. Nature (London) 307:516–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl, G. M., L. Vitto, R. A. Padgett, and G. R. Stark. 1982. Single copy and amplified CAD genes in Syrian hamster chromosomes localized by a highly sensitive method for in situ hybridization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:308–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahl, G. M., L. Vitto, and J. Rubnitz. 1983. Coamplification of rRNA genes with CAD genes in N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate-resistant Syrian hamster cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:2066–2075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, T. S. 1991. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60:513–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C., P. Friedlander, C. Lamoureux, M. Zannis-Hadjopoulos, and G. B. Price. 1993. cDNA clones contain autonomous replication activity. Bio-chim. Biophys. Acta 1174:241–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, C., M. Zannis-Hadjopoulos, and G. B. Price. 1993. In vivo activity for initiation of DNA replication resides in a transcribed region of the human genome. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1174:258–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu, J., C. Brun, H. Kurooka, M. Yanagida, and J. A. Huberman. 1992. Identification and characterization of a complex chromosomal replication origin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Chromosoma 102(Suppl. 1):S7–S16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar