REFERENCES
- Ballou, L. M., P. Jeno, and G. Thomas. 1988. Protein phosphatase 2A inactivates the mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase from Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1188–1194.
- Ballou, L. M., H. Luther, and G. Thomas. 1991. MAP2 kinase and 70K S6 kinase lie on distinct signalling pathways. Nature (London) 349:348–350.
- Brown, E. J., M. W. Albers, T. B. Shin, K. Ichikawa, C. T. Keith, W. S. Lane, and S. L. Schreiber. 1994. A mammalian protein targeted by G1-arresting rapamycin-receptor complex. Nature (London) 369:756–758.
- Calvo, V., C. M. Crews, T. A. Vik, and B. E. Bierer. 1992. Interleukin 2 stimulation of p70 S6 kinase activity is inhibited by the immunosuppressant rapamycin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7571–7575.
- Cheatham, B., C. J. Vlahos, L. Cheatham, L. Wang, J. Blenis, and C. R. Kahn. 1994. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin stimulation of pp70 S6 kinase, DNA synthesis, and glucose transporter trans-location. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4902–4911.
- Chen, R. H., C. Sarnecki, and J. Blenis. 1992. Nuclear localization and regulation of erk- and rsk-encoded protein kinases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:915–927.
- Chung, J., T. C. Grammer, K. P. Lemon, A. Kazlauskas, and J. Blenis. 1994. PDGF- and insulin-dependent pp70S6k activation mediated by phosphati-dylinositol-3-OH kinase. Nature (London) 370:71–75.
- Chung, J., C. J. Kuo, G. R. Crabtree, and J. Blenis. 1992. Rapamycin-FKBP specifically blocks growth-dependent activation of and signaling by the 70 kd S6 protein kinases. Cell 69:1227–1236.
- Clardy, J. 1995.. The chemistry of signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:56–61.
- Coffer, P. J., and J. R. Woodgett. 1994. Differential subcellular localisation of two isoforms of p70 S6 protein kinase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198:780–786.
- de Groot, R. P., L. M. Ballou, and P. Sassone-Corsi. 1994. Positive regulation of the cAMP-responsive activator CREM by the p70 S6 kinase: an alternative route to mitogen-induced gene expression. Cell 79:81–91.
- Elroy-Stein, O., and B. Moss. 1990. Cytoplasmic expression system based on constitutive synthesis of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6743–6747.
- Ferrari, S., H. R. Bandi, J. Hofsteenge, B. M. Bussian, and G. Thomas. 1991. Mitogen-activated 70K S6 kinase: identification of in vitro 40 S ribosomal S6 phosphorylation sites. J. Biol. Chem. 266:22770–22775.
- Ferrari, S., R. B. Pearson, M. Siegmann, S. C. Kozma, and G. Thomas. 1993. The immunosuppressant rapamycin induces inactivation of p70s6k through dephosphorylation of a novel set of sites. J. Biol. Chem. 268:16091–16094.
- Franke, T. F., S.-I. Yang, T. O. Chan, K. Datta, A. Kazlauskas, D. K. Morrison, D. R. Kaplan, and P. N. Tsichlis. 1995. The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81:727–736.
- Fuerst, T. R., E. G. Niles, F. W. Studier, and B. Moss. 1986. Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8122–8126.
- Helliwell, S. B., P. Wagner, J. Kunz, M. Deuter-Reinhard, R. Henriquez, and M. N. Hall. 1994. TOR1 and TOR2 are structurally and functionally similar but not identical phosphatidylinositol kinase homologues in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:105–118.
- Hershey, J. W., 1989. Protein phosphorylation controls translation rates. J. Biol. Chem. 264:20823–20836.
- Jefferies, H. B., C. Reinhard, S. C. Kozma, and G. Thomas. 1994. Rapamycin selectively represses translation of the ‘‘polypyrimidine tract’’ mRNA family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4441–4445.
- Jeno, P., L. M. Ballou, I. Novak-Hofer, and G. Thomas. 1988. Identification and characterization of a mitogen-activated S6 kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:406–410.
- Karnitz, L. M., L. A. Burns, S. L. Sutor, J. Blenis, and R. T. Abraham. 1995. Interleukin-2 triggers a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent MEK activation pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3049–3057.
- Kunz, J., R. Henriquez, U. Schneider, M. Deuter-Reinhard, N. R. Movva, and M. N. Hall. 1993. Target of rapamycin in yeast, TOR2, is an essential phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog required for G1 progression. Cell 73: 585–596.
- Kuo, C. J., J. Chung, D. F. Fiorentino, W. M. Flanagan, J. Blenis, and G. R. Crabtree. 1992. Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase. Nature (London) 358:70–73.
- Lane, H. A., A. Fernandez, N. J. Lamb, and G. Thomas. 1993. p70s6k function is essential for G1 progression. Nature (London) 363:170–172.
- Mahalingam, M., and M. Yan. Unpublished data.
- Mayer, B. J., H. Hirai, and R. Sakai. 1995. Evidence that SH2 domains promote processive phosphorylation by protein-tyrosine kinases. Curr. Biol. 5:296–305.
- Ming, X. F., B. M. Burgering, S. Wennstrom, L. Claesson-Welsh, C. H. Heldin, J. L. Bos, S. C. Kozma, and G. Thomas. 1994. Activation of p70/p85 S6 kinase by a pathway independent of p21ras [see comments]. Nature (London) 371:426–429.
- Morgenstern, J. P., and H. Land. 1990. Advanced mammalian gene transfer: high titre retroviral vectors with multiple drug selection markers and a complementary helper-free packaging cell line. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:3587–3596.
- Morley, S. J., S. Ferrari, and G. Thomas. 1993. The mitogen activated S6 kinase: sites of phosphorylation which lead to activation and identification of a putative kinase kinase. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21:396S.
- Moss, B., O. Elroy-Stein, T. Mizukami, W. A. Alexander, and T. R. Fuerst. 1990. Product review: new mammalian expression vectors. Nature (London) 348:91–92.
- Price, D. J., N. K. Mukhopadhyay, and J. Avruch. 1991. Insulin-activated protein kinases phosphorylate a pseudosubstrate synthetic peptide inhibitor of the p70 S6 kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 266:16281–16284.
- Qian, Y., C. Luckey, L. Horton, M. Esser, and D. J. Templeton. 1992. Biological function of the retinoblastoma protein requires distinct domains for hyperphosphorylation and transcription factor binding. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5363–5372.
- Reinhard, C., A. Fernandez, N. J. C. Lamb, and G. Thomas. 1994. Nuclear localization of p85S6K: functional requirement for entry into S phase. EMBO J. 13:1557–1565.
- Sabatini, D. M., H. Erdjument-Bromage, M. Lui, P. Tempst, and S. H. Snyder. 1994. RAFT1: a mammalian protein that binds to FKBP12 in a rapamycin-dependent fashion and is homologous to yeast TORs. Cell 78: 35–43.
- Sabers, C. J., M. M. Martin, G. J. Brunn, J. M. Williams, F. J. Dumont, G. Wiederrecht, and R. T. Abraham. 1995. Isolation of a protein target of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:815–822.
- Sarkar, G., and S. S. Sommer. 1990. The ‘‘megaprimer’’ method of site-directed mutagenesis. Biotechniques 8:404–407.
- Terada, N., J. J. Lucas, A. Szepesi, R. A. Franklin, K. Takase, and E. W. Gelfand. 1992. Rapamycin inhibits the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase in IL-2 and mitogen-activated human T cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186:1315–1321.
- Weng, Q.-P., K. Andrabi, M. T. Kozlowski, J. R. Grove, and J. Avruch. 1995. Multiple independent inputs are required for activation of the p70 S6 kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2333–2340.