Raf, but Not MEK or ERK, Is Sufficient for Differentiation of Hippocampal Neuronal Cells

REFERENCES

• Agarwal, S., M. J. Corbley, and T. M. Roberts. 1995. Reconstitution of signal transduction from the membrane to the nucleus in a baculovirus expression system: activation of Raf-1 leads to hypermodification of c-jun and c-fos via multiple pathways. Oncogene 11:427–438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bar-Sagi, D., and J. R. Feramisco. 1985. Microinjection of the ras oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation. Cell 42:841–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, T.-S. O., M. K. Abe, M. B. Hershenson, I. Gomes, and M. R. Rosner. Unpublished observations.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, T.-S. O., K. L. Byron, K.-M. Lee, M. Villereal, and M. R. Rosner. 1992. Activation of MAP kinase by calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 267:19876–19883.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chao, T.-S. O., S. A. Qureshi, M. Hendrickson, D. A. Foster, U. Rapp, and M. R. Rosner. 1994. Differential Raf-1 requirement for activation of MAP kinase by growth factors and tumor promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7337–7341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowley, S., H. Paterson, P. Kemp, and C. J. Marshall. 1994. Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Cell 77:841–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derijard, B., J. Raingeaud, T. Barrett, I. H. Wu, J. Han, R. J. Ulevitch, and R. J. Davis. 1995. Independent human MAP-kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms. Science 267:682–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eves, E. M., J. Kwon, M. Downen, M. S. Tucker, B. H. Wainer, and M. R. Rosner. 1994. Conditional immortalization of neuronal cells from postmitotic cultures and adult CNS. Brain Res. 656:396–404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eves, E. M., M. S. Tucker, J. D. Roback, M. Downen, M. R. Rosner, and B. H. Wainer. 1992. Immortal rat hippocampal cell lines exhibit neuronal and glial lineages and neurotrophin gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4373–4377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda, M., Y. Gotoh, T. Tachibana, K. Dell, S. Hattori, Y. Yoneda, and E. Nishida. 1995. Induction of neurite outgrowth by MAP kinase in PC12 cells. Oncogene 11:239–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galaktionov, K., C. Jessus, and D. Beach. 1995. Raf1 interaction with Cdc25 phosphatase ties mitogenic signal transduction to cell cycle activation. Genes Dev. 9:1046–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego, C., S. K. Gupta, L. E. Heasley, N.-X. Oian, and G. I. Johnson. 1992. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation resulting from selective onco-gene expression in NIH 3T3 and Rat 1a cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7355–7359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, I., and M. R. Rosner. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, L. A., and A. S. Tischler. 1976. Establishment of a norandregenic clonal line of rat adrenal phaeochromocytoma cells that respond to nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:2424–2428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herskowitz, I. 1995. MAP kinase pathways in yeast: for mating and more. Cell 80:187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, W.-L., B. D. Gehm, and M. R. Rosner. 1991. Regulation of insulin degradation: expression of an evolutionarily conserved insulin-degrading enzyme increases degradation by an intracellular pathway. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:1467–1476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo, W.-L., J. Rhee, and M. R. Rosner. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, K., and C. B. Chae. 1989. A simple assay for DNA transfection by incubation of the cells in culture dishes with substrates for beta-galactosidase. BioTechniques 7:576–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour, S. J., W. T. Matten, A. S. Hermann, J. M. Candia, S. Rong, K. Fukasawa, G. F. Vande Woude, and N. G. Ahn. 1994. Transformation of mammalian cells by constitutively-active MAP kinase kinase. Science 265:966–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, C. J. 1995. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80:179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, S., H. Cherwinski, M. L. Samuels, and M. McMahon. Unpublished observations.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, S. A., and M. McMahon. Unpublished observations.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, S. A., M. L. Samuels, C. A. Pritchard, J. A. Abraham, and M. McMahon. 1995. Rapid induction of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor/diphtheria toxin receptor expression by Raf and Ras oncogenes. Genes Dev. 9:1953–1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloche, S., G. Pages, and J. Pouyssegur. 1992. Functional expression and growth factor activation of an epitope-tagged p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p44mapk. Mol. Biol. Cell 3:63–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minden, A., A. Lin, M. McMahon, C. Lange-Carter, B. Derijard, R. J. Davis, G. L. Johnson, and M. Karin. 1994. Differential activation of ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases by Raf-1 and MEKK. Science 266:1719–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noda, M., M. Ko, A. Ogura, D. G. Liu, T. Amano, T. Takano, and Y. Ikawa. 1985. Sarcoma viruses carrying ras oncogenes induce differentiation-associated properties in a neuronal cell line. Nature (London) 318:73–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, X., L. A. Greene, D. R. Kaplan, and R. M. Stephens. 1995. Deletion of a conserved juxtamembrane sequence in Trk abolishes NGF-promoted neu-ritogenesis. Neuron 15:395–406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapp, U. R., M. D. Goldsborough, G. E. Mark, T. I. Bonner, J. Groffen, F. H. Reynolds, and J. R. Stephenson. 1983. Structure and biological activity of v-raf, a unique oncogene transduced by a retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4218–4222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, D. J., E. Zhen, H. Owaki, C. A. Vanderbilt, D. Ebert, T. D. Geppert, and M. H. Cobb. 1993. Regulation and properties of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 268:5097–5106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, M., S. Winitz, and G. L. Johnson. 1994. Acetylcholine muscarinic m1 receptor regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis controls growth factor stimulation of Raf activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2343–2351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Samuels, M. L., and M. McMahon. 1994. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor- and epidermal growth factor-mediated mitogenesis and signaling in 3T3 cells expressing DRaf-1:ER, an estradiol-regulated form of Raf-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7855–7866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samuels, M. L., M. J. Weber, J. M. Bishop, and M. McMahon. 1993. Conditional transformation of cells and rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by an estradiol-dependent human Raf-1 protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6241–6252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sontag, E., S. Fedorov, C. Kamibayashi, D. Robbins, M. Cobb, and M. Mumby. 1993. The interaction of SV40 small tumor antigen with protein phosphatase 2A stimulates the map kinase pathway and induces cell proliferation. Cell 75:887–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, H., C. H. Charles, L. F. Lau, and N. K. Tonks. 1993. MKP-1 (3CH134), an immediate early gene product, is a dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates MAP kinase in vivo. Cell 75:487–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traverse, S., K. Seedorf, H. Paterson, C. J. Marshall, P. Cohen, and A. Ullrich. 1994. EGF triggers neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells that over-express the EGF receptor. Curr. Biol. 4:694–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, J. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, M. S., E. M. Eves, B. H. Wainer, and M. R. Rosner. 1993. Activation of MAP kinase by epidermal growth factor in hippocampal neurons and neuronal cell lines. J. Neurochem. 61:1376–1387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaillancourt, R. R., L. E. Heasley, J. Zamarripa, B. Storey, M. Valius, A. Kazlauskas, and G. L. Johnson. 1995. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is insufficient for growth factor receptor-mediated PC12 cell differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3644–3653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood, K. W., H. Qi, G. D’Arcangelo, R. C. Armstrong, T. M. Roberts, and S. Halegoua. 1993. The cytoplasmic raf oncogene induces a neuronal pheno-type in PC12 cells: a potential role for cellular raf kinases in neuronal growth factor signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5016–5020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood, K. W., C. Sarnecki, T. M. Roberts, and J. Blenis. 1992. ras mediates nerve growth factor receptor modulation of three signal-transducing protein kinases: MAP kinase, Raf-1, and RSK. Cell 68:1041–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, M., T. Dai, J. C. Deak, J. M. Kyriakis, L. I. Zon, J. R. Woodgett, and D. J. Templeton. 1994. Activation of stress-activated protein kinase by MEKK1 phosphorylation of its activator SEK1. Nature (London) 372:798–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, M., and D. J. Templeton. 1994. Identification of 2 serine residues of MEK-1 that are differentially phosphorylated during activation by raf and MEK kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269:19067–19073.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar