Interaction of Sp1 with the Growth- and Cell Cycle-Regulated Transcription Factor E2F

REFERENCES

• Adams, C. C., and J. L. Workman. 1995. Binding of disparate transcriptional activators to nucleosomal DNA is inherently cooperative. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1405–1421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubin, R. J., M. Weinfeld, and M. C. Paterson. 1988. Factors influencing efficiency and reproducibility of polybrene-assisted gene transfer. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 14:155–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandara, L. R., V. M. Buck, M. Zamanian, L. H. Johnston, and N. B. La Thangue. 1993. Functional synergy between DP-1 and E2F-1 in the cell cycle-regulating transcription factor DRTF1/E2F. EMBO J. 12:4317–4324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandara, L. R., E. W.-F. Lam, T.-S. Sorensen, M. Zamanian, R. Girling, and N. B. La Thangue. 1994. DP-1: a cell cycle-regulated and phosphorylated component of transcription factor DRTF1/E2F which is functionally important for recognition by pRb and the adenovirus E4 orf 6/7 protein. EMBO J. 13:3104–3114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beijersbergen, R. L., R. M. Kerkhoven, L. Zhu, L. Carlee, P. M. Voorhoeve, and R. Bernards. 1994. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F gene family, has oncogenic activity and associates with 107 in vivo. Genes Dev. 8:2680–2690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, M. C., and J. C. Azizkhan. 1989. Transcription factor E2F is required for efficient expression of the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4994–5002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, M. C., R. C. Jambou, A. G. Swick, J. W. Kahn, and J. C. Azizkhan. 1990. Transcriptional initiation is controlled by upstream GC-box interactions in a TATA-less promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6632–6641.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dou, Q.-P., S. Zhao, A. H. Levin, J. Wang, K. Helin, and A. B. Pardee. 1994. G1/S-regulated E2F-containing promoter complexes bind to the mouse thymidine kinase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1306–1313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyson, N., M. Dembski, A. Fattaey, C. Ngwu, M. Ewen, and K. Helin. 1993. Analysis of p107-associated proteins: p107 associates with a form of E2F that differs from pRB-associated E2F-1. J. Virol. 67:7641–7647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fetzer, J., M. Michael, T. Bohnert, R. Hofbauer, and G. Folkers. 1994. A new and fast method for highly pure recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. Protein Expr. Purif. 5:432–441.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fridovich-Keil, J. L., P. J. Markell, J. M. Gudas, and A. B. Pardee. 1993. DNA sequences required for serum-responsive regulation of expression from the mouse thymidine kinase promoter. Cell Growth Differ. 4:679–687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg, D., G. Vairo, T. Chittenden, Z.-X. Xiao, G. Xu, K. L. Wydner, J. A. DeCaprio, J. B. Lawrence, and D. M. Livingston. 1994. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F transcription factor family, interacts with p107. Genes Dev. 8:2665–2679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girling, R., J. F. Partridge, L. R. Bandara, N. Burden, N. F. Totty, J. J. Hsuan, and N. B. La Thangue. 1993. A new component of the transcription factor DRTF1/E2F. Nature (London) 362:83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. H. 1985. High-efficiency gene transfer into mammalian cells, p. 143–190. In D. M. Glover (ed.), DNA cloning: a practical approach, vol. II. IRL Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Gudas, J. M., J. L. Fridovich-Keil, M. W. Datta, J. Bryan, and A. B. Pardee. 1992. Characterization of the murine thymidine kinase-encoding gene and analysis of transcription start point heterogeneity. Gene 118:205–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagemeier, C., A. Cook, and T. Kouzarides. 1993. The retinoblastoma protein binds E2F residues required for activation in vivo and TBP binding in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:4998–5004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamel, P. A., B. L. Gallie, and R. A. Phillips. 1992. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle regulation. Trends Genet. 8:180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helin, K., J. A. Lees, M. Vidal, N. Dyson, E. Harlow, and A. Fattaey. 1992. A cDNA encoding a pRB-binding protein with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Cell 70:337–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helin, K., C.-L. Wu, A. R. Fattaey, J. A. Lees, B. D. Dynlacht, C. Ngwu, and E. Harlow. 1993. Heterodimerization of the transcription factors E2F-1 and DP-1 leads to cooperative trans-activation. Genes Dev. 7:1850–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebert, S. W., M. Blake, J. Azizkhan, and J. R. Nevins. 1991. Role of E2F transcription factor in E1A-mediated trans activation of cellular genes. J. Virol. 65:3547–3552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiebert, S. W., S. P. Chellappan, J. M. Horowitz, and J. R. Nevins. 1992. The interaction of RB with E2F coincides with an inhibition of the transcriptional activity of E2F. Genes Dev. 6:177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijmans, E. M., P. M. Voorhoeve, R. L. Beijersbergen, L. J. van’t Veer, and R. Bernards. 1995. E2F-5, a new E2F family member that interacts with p130 in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3082–3089.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoey, T., R. O. J. Weinzierl, G. Gill, J.-L. Chen, B. D. Dynlacht, and R. Tjian. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of Drosophila TAF110 reveal properties expected of coactivators. Cell 72:247–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huber, H. E., G. Edwards, P. J. Goodhart, D. R. Patrick, P. S. Huang, M. Ivey-Hoyle, S. F. Barnett, A. Oliff, and D. C. Heimbrook. 1993. Transcription factor E2F binds DNA as a heterodimer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3525–3529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imataka, H., K. Sogawa, K. Yasumoto, Y. Kikuchi, K. Sasano, A. Kobayashi, M. Hayami, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama. 1992. Two regulatory proteins that bind to the basic transcription element (BTE), a GC box sequence in the promoter region of the rat P-4501A1 gene. EMBO J. 11:3663–3671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivey-Hoyle, M., R. Conroy, H. E. Huber, P. J. Goodhart, A. Oliff, and D. C. Heimbrook. 1993. Cloning and characterization of E2F-2, a novel protein with the biochemical properties of transcription factor E2F. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7802–7812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janson, L., and U. Pettersson. 1990. Cooperative interaction between transcription factor Sp1 and OTF-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4732–4736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, K. L., A. R. Haas, T. J. Logan, and D. J. Hall. 1994. Detailed analysis of the basic domain of the E2F1 transcription factor indicates that it is unique among bHLH proteins. Oncogene 9:1177–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadonaga, J. T., K. R. Carner, P. A. Luciw, and R. Tjian. 1987. Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA-binding domain. Cell 51:1079–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin, W. G., Jr., W. Krek, W. R. Sellers, J. A. DeCaprio, F. Ajchenbaum, C. S. Fuchs, T. Chittenden, Y. Li, P. J. Farnham, M. A. Blanar, D. M. Livingston, and E. K. Flemington. 1992. Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a retinoblastoma-binding protein with E2F-like properties. Cell 70:351–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin, W. G., Jr., D. C. Pallas, J. A. DeCaprio, F. J. Kaye, and D. M. Livingston. 1991. Identification of cellular proteins that can interact specifically with the T/E1A-binding region of the retinoblastoma gene product. Cell 64:521–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa, M., H. Higashi, I. Suzuki-Takahashi, K. Segawa, S. K. Hanks, Y. Taya, S. Nishimura, and A. Okuyama. 1995. Phosphorylation of E2F-1 by cyclin A-cdk2. Oncogene 10:229–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouzarides, T. 1993. Transcriptional regulation by the retinoblastoma protein. Trends Cell Biol. 3:211–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krek, W., M. E. Ewen, S. Shirodkar, Z. Arany, W. G. Kaelin, Jr., and D. M. Livingston. 1994. Negative regulation of the growth-promoting transcription factor E2F-1 by a stably bound cyclin A-dependent protein kinase. Cell 78:161–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, J.-S., and W. Herr. 1992. Ethidium bromide provides a simple tool for identifying genuine DNA-independent protein associations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6958–6962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, E. W.-F., and N. B. La Thangue. 1994. DP and E2F proteins: coordinating transcription with cell cycle progression. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:859–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Thangue, N. B. 1994. DTRF/E2F: and expanding family of heterodimeric transcription factors implicated in cell-cycle control. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees, J. E., M. Saito, M. Vidal, M. Valentine, T. Look, E. Harlow, N. Dyson, and K. Helin. 1993. The retinoblastoma protein binds to a family of E2F transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7813–7825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., J. D. Knight, S. P. Jackson, R. Tjian, and M. R. Botchan. 1991. Direct interaction between Sp1 and the BPV enhancer E2 protein mediates syner-gistic activation of transcription. Cell 65:493–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, Y., J. E. Slansky, D. J. Myers, N. R. Drinkwater, W. G. Kaelin, Jr., and P. J. Farnham. 1994. Cloning, chromosomal location and characterization of mouse E2F1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1861–1869.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lieberman, H. B., P.-F. Lin, D.-B. Yeh, and F. H. Ruddle. 1988. Transcrip-tional and posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate murine thymidine kinase gene expression in serum-stimulated cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5280–5291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, S.-Y., A. R. Black, D. Kostic, S. Pajovic, C. N. Hoover, and J. C. Azizkhan. 1996. Cell cycle-regulated association of E2F1 and Sp1 is related to their functional interaction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1668–1675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merika, M., and S. Orkin. 1995. Functional synergy and physical interactions of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 with the Krüppel family proteins Sp1 and EKLF. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2437–2447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, E. 1993. DNA tumor virus transforming proteins and the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, P. R., S. J. Salser, and B. Wold. 1988. Constitutive and metalinducible protein:DNA interactions at the mouse metallothionein I promoter examined by in vivo and in vitro footprinting. Genes Dev. 2:412–427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller, P. R., and B. Wold. 1989. In vivo footprinting of a muscle specific enhancer by ligation mediated PCR. Science 246:780–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata, Y., H. G. Kim, K. T. Rogers, A. J. Udvadia, and J. M. Horowitz. 1994. Negative regulation of Sp1 trans-activation is correlated with the binding of cellular proteins to the amino terminus of the Sp1 trans-activation domain. J. Biol. Chem. 269:20674–20681.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naeve, G. S., A. Sharma, and A. S. Lee. 1991. Temporal events regulating the early phases of the mammalian cell cycle. Curr. Biol. 3:261–268.
   Google Scholar
• Nevins, J. R. 1992. E2F: a link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science 258:424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevins, J. R. 1994. Cell cycle targets of the DNA tumor viruses. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:130–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogris, E., H. Rotheneder, I. Mudrak, A. Pichler, and E. Wintersberger. 1993. A binding site for transcription factor E2F is a target for trans activation of murine thymidine kinase by polyomavirus large T antigen and plays an important role in growth regulation of the gene. J. Virol. 67:1765–1771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pagano, M., G. Draetta, and P. Jansen-Dürr. 1992. Association of cdk2 kinase with the transcription factor E2F during S phase. Science 255:1144–1147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pardee, A. B. 1989. G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science 255:603–608.
   Google Scholar
• Pascal, E., and R. Tjian. 1991. Different activation domains of Sp1 govern formation of multimers and mediate transcriptional synergism. Genes Dev. 5:1646–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plet, A., N. Tourkine, N. Mechti, P. Janteur, and J. M. Blanchard. 1992. In vivo footprints between the murine c-myc P1 and P2 promoters. Oncogene 7:1847–1851.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pugh, B. F., and R. Tjian. 1990. Mechanism of transcriptional activation by Sp1: evidence for coactivators. Cell 61:1187–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, B. F., and R. Tjian. 1991. Transcription from a TATA-less promoter requires a multisubunit TFIID complex. Genes Dev. 5:1935–1945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rotheneder, H., M. Grabner, and E. Wintersberger. 1991. Presence of regulatory sequences within intron 2 of the mouse thymidine kinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6805–6809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Sardet, C., M. Vidal, D. Cobrinik, Y. Geng, C. Onufryk, A. Chen, and R. A. Weinberg. 1995. E2F-4 and E2F-5, two members of the E2F family, are expressed in the early phases of the cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2403–2407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seiser, C., M. Knofler, I. Rudelstorfer, R. Haas, and E. Wintersberger. 1989. Mouse thymidine kinase: the promoter sequence and the gene and pseudogene structures in normal cells and in thymidine kinase deficient mutants. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:185–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seto, E., B. Lewis, and T. Shenk. 1993. Interaction between transcription factors Sp1 and YY1. Nature (London) 365:462–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan, B., X. Zhu, P.-L. Chen, T. Durfee, Y. Yang, D. Sharp, and W. H. Lee. 1992. Molecular cloning of cellular genes encoding retinoblastoma-associated proteins: identification of a gene with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5620–5631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, C. J. 1994. The ins and outs of RB: coupling gene expression to the cell cycle clock. Trends Cell Biol. 4:15–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slansky, J. E., Y. Li, W. G. Kaelin, Jr., and P. J. Farnham. 1993. A protein synthesis-dependent increase in E2F1 mRNA correlates with growth regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1610–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vairo, G., D. M. Livingston, and D. Ginsberg. 1995. Functional interaction between E2F-4 and p130: evidence for distinct mechanisms underlying growth suppression by different retinoblastoma protein family members. Genes Dev. 9:869–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, M., M. C. Blake, R. C. Jambou, K. Helin, E. Harlow, and J. C. Azizkhan. 1995. An inverted repeat motif stabilizes binding of E2F and enhances transcription of the dihydrofolate reductase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270:9783–9891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weichselbraun, I., E. Ogris, and E. Wintersberger. 1990. Bidirectional promoter activity of the 5′ flanking region of the mouse thymidine kinase gene. FEBS Lett. 275:49–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberg, R. A. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzierl, R. O. J., B. D. Dynlacht, and R. Tjian. 1993. Largest subunit of Drosophila transcription factor IID directs assembly of a complex containing TBP and a coactivator. Nature (London) 362:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintersberger, E. 1991. Biochemical events controlling initiation and propagation of the S phase of the cell cycle. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 118:49–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wintersberger, E., H. Rotheneder, M. Grabner, G. Beck, and C. Seiser. 1992. Regulation of thymidine kinase during growth, cell cycle and differentiation. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 32:241–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, C.-L., L. R. Zukerberg, C. Ngwu, E. Harlow, and J. E. Lees. 1995. In vivo association of E2F and DP family proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2536–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, M., K.-A. Sheppard, C.-Y. Peng, A. S. Yee, and H. Piwnica-Worms. 1994. Cyclin A/cdks binds directly to E2F-1 and inhibits the DNA-binding activity of E2F-1/DP-1 by phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:8420–8431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and S. P. Chellappan. 1995. Cloning and characterization of human DP2, a novel dimerization partner of E2F. Oncogene 10:2085–2093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar