REFERENCES
- Abraham, J., K. A. Nasmyth, J. N. Strathern, A. J. S. Klar, and J. B. Hicks. 1984. Regulation of mating-type information in yeast. J. Mol. Biol. 176:307–331.
- Aparicio, O. M., B. L. Billington, and D. E. Gottschling. 1991. Modifiers of position effect are shared between telomeric and silent mating-type loci in S. cerevisiae. Cell 66:1279–1287.
- Bell, S. P., R. Kobayashi, and B. Stillman. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex functions in transcription silencing and DNA replication. Science 262:1844–1849.
- Bell, S. P., and B. Stillman. 1992. ATP-dependent recognition of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex. Nature (London) 357:128–134.
- Boeke, J. D., J. Trueheart, G. Natsoulis, and G. R. Fink. 1987. 5-Fluoroorotic acid as a selective agent in yeast molecular genetics. Methods Enzymol. 154:164–175.
- Brand, A. H., L. Breeden, J. Abraham, R. Sternglanz, and K. Nasmyth. 1985. Characterization of a “silencer” in yeast: a DNA sequence with properties opposite to those of a transcriptional enhancer. Cell 41:41–48.
- Brand, A. H., G. Micklem, and K. Nasmyth. 1987. A yeast silencer contains sequences that can promote autonomous plasmid replication and transcriptional activation. Cell 51:709–719.
- Broach, J. Personal communication.
- Buchman, A. R., W. J. Kimmerly, J. Rine, and R. D. Kornberg. 1988. Two DNA-binding factors recognize specific sequences at silencers, upstreamactivating sequences, autonomously replicating sequences, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:210–225.
- Buck, S. W., and D. Shore. 1995. Action of a RAP1 C-terminal silencing domain reveals an underlying competition between HMR and telomeres in yeast. Genes Dev. 9:370–384.
- Carlson, M., and D. Botstein. 1982. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5′ ends encode secreted and intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell 28:145–154.
- Chen-Cleland, T. A., M. M. Smith, S. Le, R. Sternglanz, and V. G. Allfrey. 1993. Nucleosome structural changes during derepression of silent matingtype loci in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1118–1124.
- Chi, M.-C. Unpublished observations.
- Christianson, T. W., R. S. Sikorski, M. Dante, J. H. Sheo, and P. Hielter. 1992. Multifunctional yeast high-copy-number shuttle vectors. Gene 110:119–122.
- Conrad, M. N., J. H. Wright, A. J. Wolf, and V. A. Zakian. 1990. RAP1 protein interacts with yeast telomeres in vivo: overproduction alters telomere structure and decreases chromosome stability. Cell 63:739–750.
- Diffley, J. F., and B. Stillman. 1988. Purification of a yeast protein that binds to origins of DNA replication and a transcriptional silencer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2120–2124.
- Drake, J. W. 1970. The molecular basis of mutation. Holden-Day, San Francisco.
- Feldman, J. B., J. B. Hicks, and J. R. Broach. 1984. Identification of sites required for repression of a silent mating-type locus in yeast. J. Mol. Biol. 178:815–834.
- Foss, M., F. J. McNally, P. Laurenson, and J. Rine. 1993. Origin recognition complex (ORC) in transcriptional silencing and DNA replication in S. cer- evisiae. Science 262:1838–1844.
- Gileadi, O. Personal communication.
- Gottschling, D. E. 1992. Telomere-proximal DNA in Saccharomyces cerevi- siae is refractory to methyltransferase activity in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4062–4065.
- Gottschling, D. E., O. M. Aparicio, B. L. Billington, and V. A. Zakian. 1990. Position effect at S. cerevisiae telomeres: reversible repression of pol II transcription. Cell 63:751–762.
- Hanahan, D. 1983. Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J. Mol. Biol. 166:557–580.
- Hartwell, L. H., and D. Smith. 1985. Altered fidelity of mitotic chromosome transmission in cell cycle mutants of S. cerevisiae. Genetics 110:381–395.
- Hecht, A., T. Laroche, S. Strahl-Bolsinger, S. M. Gasser, and M. Grunstein. 1995. Histone H3 and H4 N termini interact with SIR3 and SIR4 proteins: a molecular model for the formation of heterochromatin in yeast. Cell 80:583–592.
- Henikoff, S. 1990. Position-effect variegation after 60 years. Trends Genet. 6:422–426.
- Ito, H., V. Fukuda, D. Murata, and A. Kimura. 1983. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J. Bacteriol. 153:163–168.
- Ivy, J. Personal communication.
- Karpen, G. H. 1994. Position-effect variegation and the new biology of heterochromatin. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:281–291.
- Kayne, P. S., U. J. Kim, M. Han, J. R. Mullen, F. Yoshizaki, and M. Grunstein. 1988. Extremely conserved histone H4 N terminus is dispensable for growth but essential for repressing the silent mating loci in yeast. Cell 55:27–39.
- Kimmerly, W., A. Buchman, R. Kornberg, and J. Rine. 1988. Roles of two DNA-binding factors in replication, segregation and transcriptional repression mediated by a yeast silencer. EMBO J. 7:2241–2253.
- Klar, A. J. S., S. N. Kakar, J. M. Ivy, J. B. Hicks, G. P. Livi, and L. M. Miglio. 1985. SUM1, an apparent positive regulator of cryptic mating-type loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 111:745–758.
- Klar, A. J. S., J. N. Strathern, and J. B. Hicks. 1984. A position-effect control for gene transposition: state of expression of yeast mating-type genes affects their ability to switch. Cell 25:517–524.
- Klein, F., T. Laroche, M. E. Cardenas, J. F.-X. Hofmann, D. Schweizer, and S. M. Gasser. 1992. Localization of RAP1 and topoisomerase II in nuclei and meiotic chromosomes of yeast. J. Cell. Biol. 117:935–948.
- Kurtz, S., and D. Shore. 1991. The RAP1 protein activates and silences transcription of mating-type genes in yeast. Genes Dev. 5:616–628.
- Kyrion, G., K. A. Boakye, and A. J. Lustig. 1992. C-terminal truncation of RAP1 results in the deregulation of telomere size, stability, and function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5159–5173.
- Kyrion, G., K. Liu, C. Liu, and A. J. Lustig. 1993. RAP1 and telomere structure regulate telomere position effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 7:1146–1159.
- Laurenson, P., and J. Rine. 1991. SUM1-1: a suppressor of silencing defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 129:685–696.
- Laurenson, P., and J. Rine. 1992. Silencers, silencing, and heritable transcriptional states. Microbiol. Rev. 56:543–560.
- Lazzarino, D. A., I. Boldogh, M. G. Smith, J. Rosand, and L. A. Pon. 1994. Yeast mitochondria contain ATP-sensitive, reversible actin-binding activity. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:807–818.
- Lima-de-Faria, A. 1983. Molecular evolution and organization of the chromosome. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
- Livi, G. P., J. B. Hicks, and A. J. S. Klar. 1990. The sum1-1 mutation affects silent mating-type gene transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:409–412.
- Loo, S., and J. Rine. 1994. Silencers and domains of generalized repression. Science 264:1768–1771.
- Mahoney, D. J., and J. R. Broach. 1989. The HML mating-type cassette of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by two separate but functionally equivalent silencers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4621–4630.
- McNally, F. J., and J. Rine. 1991. A synthetic silencer mediates SIR-dependent functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5648–5659.
- Megee, P. C., B. A. Morgan, B. A. Mittman, and M. M. Smith. 1990. Genetic analysis of histone H4: essential role of lysines subject to reversible acetylation. Science 247:841–845.
- Micklem, G., A. Rowley, J. Harwood, K. Nasmyth, and J. F. X. Diffley. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex is involved in DNA replication and transcriptional silencing. Nature (London) 366:87–89.
- Moretti, P., K. Freeman, L. Coodley, and D. Shore. 1994. Evidence that a complex of SIR proteins interacts with the silencer and telomere-binding protein RAP1. Genes Dev. 8:2257–2269.
- Mullen, J. R., P. S. Kayne, R. P. Moerschell, S. Tsunasawa, M. Gribskov, S. M. Colavito, M. Grunstein, F. Sherman, and R. Sternglanz. 1989. Iden- tification and characterization of genes and mutants for an N-terminal acetyltransferase from yeast. EMBO J. 8:2067–2075.
- Orlando, V., and R. Paro. 1995. Chromatin multiprotein complexes involved in the maintenance of transcription patterns. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5:174–179.
- Palladino, F., T. Laroche, E. Gilson, A. Axelrod, L. Pillus, and S. M. Gasser. 1993. SIR3 and SIR4 proteins are required for the positioning and integrity of yeast telomeres. Cell 75:543–555.
- Park, E.-C., and J. W. Szostak. 1990. Point mutations in the yeast histone H4 gene prevent silencing of the silent mating type locus HML. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4932–4934.
- Rattray, A. J., and L. S. Symington. 1995. Multiple pathways for homologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139:45–56.
- Riles, L. Personal communication.
- Rine, J., and I. Herskowitz. 1987. Four genes responsible for a position effect on expression from HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 116:9–22.
- Roman, H. 1956. Studies of gene mutation in Saccharomyces. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 21:175–185.
- Rose, M. D., P. Novick, J. H. Thomas, D. Botstein, and G. R. Fink. 1987. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic plasmid bank based on a centromerecontaining shuttle vector. Gene 60:237–243.
- Rose, M. D., F. Winston, and P. Hieter. 1990. Methods in yeast genetics: a laboratory course manual. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.
- Rothstein, R. 1983. One-step gene disruption in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 101:202–211.
- Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
- Schnell, R., L. D’Ari, M. Foss, D. Goodman, and J. Rine. 1989. Genetic and molecular characterization of suppressors of SIR4 mutations in Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae. Genetics 122:29–46.
- Schnell, R., and J. Rine. 1986. A position effect on the expression of a tRNA gene mediated by the SIR genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:494–501.
- Shore, D., and K. Nasmyth. 1987. Purification and cloning of a DNA binding protein from yeast that binds to both silencer and activator elements. Cell 51:721–732.
- Shore, D., D. J. Stillman, A. H. Brand, and K. A. Nasmyth. 1987. Identification of silencer binding proteins from yeast: possible roles in SIR control and DNA replication. EMBO J. 6:461–467.
- Sikorski, R., and P. Hieter. 1989. A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevi- siae. Genetics 122:19–27.
- Singh, J., and A. J. S. Klar. 1992. Active genes in budding yeast display enhanced in vivo accessibility to foreign DNA methylases: a novel in vivo probe for chromatin structure of yeast. Genes Dev. 6:186–196.
- Sprague, G. F., Jr. 1991. Assay of yeast mating reaction. Methods Enzymol. 194:77–93.
- Strathern, J. N., A. J. S. Klar, J. B. Hicks, J. A. Abraham, J. M. Ivy, K. A. Nasmyth, and C. McGill. 1982. Homothallic switching of yeast mating-type cassettes is initiated bya double-stranded cut in the MAT locus. Cell 31:183–192.
- Sussel, L., and D. Shore. 1991. Separation of transcriptional activation and silencing functions of the RAP1-encoded repressor/activator protein 1: isolation of viable mutants affecting both silencing and telomere length. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7749–7753.
- Sussel, L., D. Vannier, and D. Shore. 1993. Epigenetic switching of transcriptional states: cis- and trans-acting factors affecting establishment of silencing at the HMR locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3919–3928.
- Thompson, J. S., L. M. Johnson, and M. Grunstein. 1994. Specific repression of the yeast silent mating locus HMR by an adjacent telomere. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:446–455.
- Thompson, J. S., X. Ling, and M. Grunstein. 1994. Histone H3 amino terminus is required for telomeric and silent mating locus repression in yeast. Nature (London) 369:245–247.
- Tyers, M., G. Tokiwa, and B. Futcher. 1993. Comparison of the Saccharo- myces cerevisiae G1 cyclins: Cln3 may be an upstream activator of Cln1, Cln2 and other cyclins. EMBO J. 12:1955–1968.