Regulation of p53 by Metal Ions and by Antioxidants: Dithiocarbamate Down-Regulates p53 DNA-Binding Activity by Increasing the Intracellular Level of Copper

REFERENCES

• Artuso, M., A. Esteve, H. Brésil, M. Vuillaume, and J. Hall. 1995. The role of the ataxia telangiectasia gene in the p53, WAF1/CIP1(p21)- and GADD45- mediated response to DNA damage produced by ionising radiation. Oncogene 11:1427–1435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker, T. W., G. Krieger, and L. Witte. 1996. DNA single and double strand breaks induced by aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in combination with copper(II). Free Radical Res. 24:325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, J. M., and Y. Shi. 1996. The galvanization of biology: a growing appreciation for the roles of zinc. Science 271:1081–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessho, R., K. Matsubara, M. Kubota, K. Kuwakado, H. Hirota, Y. Wakazono, Y. W. Lin, A. Okuda, M. Kawai, and R. Nishikomori. 1994. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation, prevents apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and thymocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48:1883–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhunya, S. P., and G. B. Jena. 1996. Clastogenic effects of copper sulphate in chick in vivo test system. Mutat. Res. 367:57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burkitt, M. J., L. Milne, P. Nicotera, and S. Orrenius. 1996. 1,10-Phenanthroline stimulates internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in isolated ratliver nuclei by promoting the redox activity of endogenous copper ions. Biochem. J. 313:163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, Y., S. Gorina, P. D. Jeffrey, and N. P. Pavletich. 1994. Crystal structure of a p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex: understanding tumorigenic mutations. Science 265:346–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmolino, L., H. Band, and V. Band. 1993. Expression and stability of p53 protein in normal human mammary epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 14:827–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebadi, M., and P. L. Iversen. 1994. Metallothionein in carcinogenesis and cancer chemotherapy. Gen. Pharmacol. 25:1297–1310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Deiry, W. S., T. Tokino, V. E. Velculescu, D. B. Levy, R. Parsons, J. M. Trent, D. Lin, W. E. Mercer, K. W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. 1993. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 75:817–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Deiry, W. S., J. W. Harper, P. M. O’Connor, V. E. Velculescu, C. E. Canman et al. 1994. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 54:1169–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, W. D., D. T. Pak, R. H. Karas, W. E. Wright, and J. W. Shay. 1992. A transcriptionally active DNA-binding site for human p53 protein complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2866–2871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, T. M., and M. Oren. 1996. p53 in growth control and neoplasia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1287:77–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillot, C., N. Falette, M. P. Paperin, S. Courtois, A. Gentil-Perret, I. Treilleux, M. Ozturk, and A. Puisieux. 1997. p21WAF1/CIP1 response to genotoxic agents in wild-type TP53 expressing breast primary tumours. Oncogene 14:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainaut, P., and J. Milner. 1992. Interactions of heat-shock protein 70 with p53 translated p53 in vitro: evidence for interaction with dimeric p53 and for a role in the regulation of p53 conformation. EMBO J. 11:3513–3520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainaut, P., and J. Milner. 1993. A structural role for metal ions in the “wild-type” conformation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Cancer Res. 53:1739–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainaut, P., and J. Milner. 1993. Redox modulation of p53 conformation and sequence specific DNA binding in vitro. Cancer Res. 53:4469–4473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hainaut, P., N. Rolley, M. Davies, and J. Milner. 1995. Modulation by copper of p53 conformation and sequence-specific DNA binding: role for Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox mechanism. Oncogene 10:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halazonetis, T. D., L. J. Davis, and A. N. Kandil. 1993. Wild-type p53 adopts a ‘mutant’-like conformation when bound to DNA. EMBO J. 12:1021–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, S., T. R. Hupp, and D. P. Lane. 1996. Allosteric regulation of the thermostability and DNA binding activity of human p53 by specific interacting proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3917–3924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupp, T. R., D. W. Meek, C. A. Midgley, and D. P. Lane. 1992. Regulation of the specific DNA binding function of p53. Cell 71:875–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupp, T. R., D. W. Meek, C. A. Midgley, and D. P. Lane. 1993. Activation of the cryptic DNA binding function of mutant forms of p53. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:3167–3174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupp, T. R., and D. P. Lane. 1995. Two distinct signaling pathways activate the latent DNA binding function of p53 in a casein kinase II-independent manner. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18165–18167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juven, T., Y. Barak, A. Zauberman, D. L. George, and M. Oren. 1993. Wild type p53 can mediate sequence-specific transactivation of an internal promoter within the mdm2 gene. Oncogene 8:3411–3416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastan, M. B., Q. Zhan, W. S. el-Deiry, F. Carrier, T. Jacks, W. V. Walsh, B. S. Plunkett, B. Vogelstein, and A. J. Fornace, Jr. 1992. A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71:587–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., and M. A. Trush. 1993. DNA damage resulting from the oxidation of hydroquinone by copper: role for a Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycle and reactive oxygen generation. Carcinogenesis 14:1303–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder, M. C., and M. Hazegh-Azam. 1996. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. Am. J. Nutr. 63:797–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margalioth, E. J., J. G. Schenker, and M. Chevion. 1983. Copper and zinc levels in normal and malignant tissues. Cancer 52:868–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, M., R. Schreck, and P. A. Baeuerle. 1993. H2O2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidant-responsive factor. EMBO J. 12:2005–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, J. 1995. Flexibility: the key to p53 function? Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:49–51.
   Google Scholar
• Miyashita, T., S. Krajewski, M. Krajewska, H. G. Wang, H. K. Lin, D. A. Liebermann, B. Hoffman, and J. C. Reed. 1994. Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9:1799–1805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaco, A. P., and J. Chelly. 1995. Menkes and Wilson diseases. Adv. Genet. 33:233–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müller, M. M., S. Ruppert, W. Schaffner, and P. Matthias. 1988. A cloned octamer transcription factor stimulates transcription from lymphoid-specific promoters in non-B cells. Nature 336:544–551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagel, W. W., and B. L. Vallee. 1995. Cell cycle regulation of metallothionein in human colonic cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:579–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobel, C. I., M. Kimland, B. Lind, S. Orrenius, and A. F. Slater. 1995. Dithiocarbamates induce apoptosis in thymocytes by raising the intracellular level of redox-active copper. J. Biol. Chem. 270:26202–26208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Halloran, T. V. 1993. Transition metals in control of gene expression. Science 261:715–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto, K., and D. Beach. 1994. Cyclin G is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. EMBO J. 13:4816–4822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parat, M. O., M. J. Richard, S. Pollet, C. Hadjur, A. Favier, and J. C. Beani. 1997. Zinc and DNA fragmentation in keratinocytes apoptosis: its inhibitory effect in UVB irradiated cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 37:101–106.
   Google Scholar
• Rainwater, R., D. Parks, M. E. Anderson, P. Tegtmeyer, and K. Mann. 1995. Role of cysteine residues in regulation of p53 function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3892–3903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remacle, J., M. Raes, O. Toussaint, P. Renard, and G. Rao. 1995. Low levels of reactive oxygen species as modulators of cell function. Mutat. Res. 316:103–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schenk, H., M. Klein, W. Erdbrügger, W. Dröge, and K. Schulze-Osthoff. 1994. Distinct effects of thioredoxin and antioxidants on the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1672–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze-Osthoff, K., M. Los, and P. A. Baeuerle. 1995. Redox signalling by transcription factors NF-nB and AP-1 in lymphocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50:735–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen, C. W., and D. P. Lane. 1992. Mutant conformation of p53. Precise epitope mapping using a filamentous phage epitope library. J. Mol. Biol. 225:577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toledano, M. B., and W. J. Leonard. 1991. Modulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4328–4332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaegen, S., A. J. McGowan, A. R. Brophy, R. S. Fernandes, and T. G. Cotter. 1995. Inhibition of apoptosis by antioxidants in the human HL-60 leukemia cell line. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50:1021–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaegh, G. W., M.-O. Parat, M.-J. Richard, and P. Hainaut. Modulation of p53 protein conformation and DNA-binding activity by intracellular chelation of zinc. Submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J., J. R. Forbes, H. S. Chen, and D. W. Cox. 1994. The LEC rat has a deletion in the copper transporting ATPase gene homologous to the Wilson disease gene. Nat. Genet. 7:541–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthoudakis, S., G. Miao, F. Wang, Y.-C. E. Pan, and T. Curran. 1992. Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA-binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme. EMBO J. 11:3323–3335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, K., and S. Kawanishi. 1991. Site-specific DNA damage induced by hydrazine in the presence of manganese and copper ions. The role of hydroxyl radical and hydrogen atom. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1509–1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar