11
Views
162
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Evidence for DNA-PK-Dependent and -Independent DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways in Mammalian Cells as a Function of the Cell Cycle

, , &
Pages 1425-1433 | Received 06 Aug 1996, Accepted 09 Dec 1996, Published online: 29 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Ager, D. D., and W. C. Dewey. 1990. Calibration of pulsed field gel electrophoresis for measurement of DNA double-strand breaks. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 58:249–259.
  • Alt, F., N. Rosenberg, S. Lewis, E. Thomas, and D. Baltimore. 1981. Organization and reorganization of immunoglobulin genes in A-MuLV-transformed cells: rearrangement of heavy but not light chain genes. Cell 27:381–390.
  • Anderson, C. W. 1994. Protein kinases and the response to cell damage. Semin. Cell Biol. 5:427–436.
  • Anderson, C. W., and T. H. Carter. 1996. The DNA-activated protein kinase, DNA-PK. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 217:91–111.
  • Anderson, C. W., and S. P. Lees-Miller. 1992. The nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase DNA-PK. Crit. Rev. Eukaryotic Gene Expr. 2:283–314.
  • Bianchi, V., E. Pontis, and P. Reichard. 1986. Changes of deoxyribonucleo-side triphosphate pools induced by hydroxyurea and their relation to DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16037–16042.
  • Biedermann, K. A., J. Sun, A. J. Giaccia, L. M. Tosto, and J. M. Brown. 1991. scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1394–1397.
  • Blocher, D., M. Nusse, and P. E. Bryant. 1983. Kinetics of double strand break repair in the DNA of X-irradiated synchronized mammalian cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 43:579–584.
  • Blunt, T., N. J. Finnie, G. E. Taccioli, G. C. M. Smith, J. Demengeot, T. Gottlieb, R. Mizuta, A. J. Varghese, F. W. Alt, P. A. Jeggo, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. Defective DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is linked to V(D)J recombination and DNA repair defects associated with the murine scid mutation. Cell 80:813–823.
  • Bosma, M. J., and A. M. Carroll. 1991. The scid mouse mutant: definition, characterization and potential uses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:323–350.
  • Boubnov, N. V., and D. T. Weaver. 1995. scid cells are deficient in Ku and replication protein A phosphorylation by the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5700–5706.
  • Boulton, S. J., and S. P. Jackson. 1996. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ku70 potentiates illegitimate DNA double-strand break repair and serves as a barrier to error-prone DNA repair pathways. EMBO J. 15:5093–5103.
  • Brush, G. S., C. W. Anderson, and T. J. Kelly. 1994. The DNA-activated protein kinase is required for the phosphorylation of replication protein A during simian virus 40 DNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12520–12524.
  • Cao, Q. P., S. Pitt, J. Leszyk, and E. F. Baril. 1994. DNA-dependent ATPase from HeLa cells is related to human Ku autoantigen. Biochemistry 33:8548–8557.
  • Carr, A. M. 1996. Checkpoints take the next step. Science 271:314–315.
  • Carter, T., I. Vancurova, I. Sun, W. Lou, and S. DeLeon. 1990. A DNA-activated protein kinase from HeLa cell nuclei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6460–6471.
  • Chan, D. W., and S. P. Lees-Miller. 1996. The DNA-dependent protein kinase is inactivated by autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 271:8936–8941.
  • Chen, F., S. R. Peterson, M. D. Story, and D. J. Chen. 1996. Disruption of DNA-PK in Ku80 mutant xrs-6 and the implications in DNA double-strand break repair. Mutat. Res. 362:9–19.
  • Danska, J. S., D. P. Holland, S. Mariathasan, K. M. Williams, and C. J. Guidos. 1996. Biochemical and genetic defects in the DNA-dependent protein kinase in murine scid lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:5507–5517.
  • Eastman, Q. M., T. M. Leu, and D. G. Schatz. 1996. Initiation of V(D)J recombination in vitro obeying the 12/23 rule. Nature 380:85–88.
  • Errami, A., V. Smider, W. K. Rathmell, D. M. He, E. A. Hendrickson, M. Z. Zdzienicka, and G. Chu. 1996. Ku86 defines the genetic defect and restores X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination to complementation group 5 hamster cell mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1519–1526.
  • Evans, H. H., M. Ricanati, M.-F. Horng, Q. Jiang, J. Mencl, and P. Olive. 1993. DNA double-strand break rejoining deficiency in TK6 and other human B-lymphoblast cell lines. Radiat. Res. 134:307–315.
  • Finnie, N. J., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, P. A. Jeggo, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is absent in xrs-6 cells: implications for site-specific recombination and DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:320–324.
  • Fulop, G. M., and R. A. Phillips. 1990. The scid mutation in mice causes a general defect in DNA repair. Nature 347:479–482.
  • Giaccia, A., R. Weinstein, J. Hu, and T. D. Stamato. 1985. Cell cycle-dependent repair of double-strand DNA breaks in a gamma-ray-sensitive Chinese hamster cell. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 11:485–491.
  • Han, Z., D. Chatterjee, D. M. He, J. Early, P. Pantazis, J. H. Wyche, and E. A. Hendrickson. 1995. Evidence for a G2 checkpoint in p53-independent apoptosis induction by X-irradiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5849–5857.
  • Han, Z., C. Johnston, W. H. Reeves, T. Carter, J. H. Wyche, and E. A. Hendrickson. 1996. Characterization of a Ku86 variant protein that results in altered DNA binding and diminished DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 271:14098–14104.
  • Hartley, K. O., D. Gell, G. C. M. Smith, H. Zhang, N. Divecha, M. A. Connelly, A. Admon, S. P. Lees-Miller, C. W. Anderson, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: a relative of phos-phatidylinositol 3-kinase and the ataxia telangiectasia gene product. Cell 82:849–856.
  • Hartwell, L. H., and M. B. Kastan. 1994. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266:1821–1828.
  • He, D. M., S. E. Lee, and E. A. Hendrickson. 1996. Restoration of x-ray and etoposide resistance, Ku-end binding activity and V(D)J recombination to the Chinese hamster sxi-3 mutant by a hamster Ku86 cDNA. Mutat. Res. 363:43–56.
  • Hendrickson, E. A. 1993. The SCID mouse: relevance as an animal model system for studying human disease. Am. J. Pathol. 143:1511–1522.
  • Hendrickson, E. A., X.-Q. Qin, E. A. Bump, D. G. Schatz, M. Oettinger, and D. T. Weaver. 1991. A link between double-strand break-related repair and V(D)J recombination: the scid mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4061–4065.
  • Hendrickson, E. A., D. G. Schatz, and D. T. Weaver. 1988. The scid gene encodes a trans-acting factor that mediates the rejoining event of Ig gene rearrangement. Genes Dev. 2:817–829.
  • Huang, L.-C., K. C. Clarkin, and G. M. Wahl. 1996. p53-dependent cell cycle arrests are preserved in DNA-activated protein kinase-deficient mouse fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 56:2940–2944.
  • Jeggo, P. A. 1990. Studies on mammalian mutants defective in rejoining double-strand breaks in DNA. Mutat. Res. 239:1–16.
  • Jeggo, P. A., G. E. Taccioli, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. Menage a trois: double strand break repair, V(D)J recombination and DNA-PK. Bioessays 17:949–957.
  • Kadyk, L. C., and L. H. Hartwell. 1992. Sister chromatids are preferred over homologs as substrates for recombinational repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 132:387–402.
  • Kemp, L. M., S. G. Sedgwick, and P. A. Jeggo. 1984. X-ray sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in double-strand break rejoining. Mutat. Res. 132:189–196.
  • Kirchgessner, C. U., C. K. Patil, J. W. Evans, C. A. Cuomo, L. M. Fried, T. Carter, M. A. Oettinger, and J. M. Brown. 1995. DNA-dependent kinase (p350) as a candidate gene for the murine SCID defect. Science 267:1178–1183.
  • Krek, W., and E. A. Nigg. 1991. Differential phosphorylation of vertebrate p34cdc2 kinase at the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle: identification of major phosphorylation sites. EMBO J. 10:305–316.
  • Kuhn, A., T. M. Gottlieb, S. P. Jackson, and I. Grummt. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase: a potent inhibitor of transcription by RNA polymerase I. Genes Dev. 9:193–203.
  • Kysela, B. P., B. D. Michael, and J. E. Arrand. 1993. Relative contributions of levels of initial DNA damage and repair of double strand breaks to the ionizing radiation-sensitive phenotype of the Chinese hamster cell mutant, XR-V15B. Part I. X-rays. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 63:609–616.
  • Lee, S. E., C. R. Pulaski, D. M. He, D. M. Benjamin, M. J. Voss, J. Urn, and E. A. Hendrickson. 1995. Isolation of mammalian cell mutants that are x-ray sensitive, impaired in DNA double-strand break repair and defective for V(D)J recombination. Mutat. Res. 336:279–291.
  • Lees-Miller, S. P., Y.-R. Chen, and C. W. Anderson. 1990. Human cells contain a DNA-activated protein kinase that phosphorylates simian virus 40 T antigen, mouse p53, and the human Ku autoantigen. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6472–6481.
  • Lees-Miller, S. P., K. Sakaguchi, S. J. Ullrich, E. Appella, and C. W. Anderson. 1992. Human DNA-activated protein kinase phosphorylates serines 15 and 37 in the ammo-terminal transactivation domain of human p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5041–5049.
  • Lewis, S. M. 1994. The mechanism of V(D)J joining: lessons from molecular, immunological, and comparative analyses. Adv. Immunol. 56:27–150.
  • Lin, W.-C., and S. Desiderio. 1993. Regulation of V(D)J recombination activator protein RAG-2 by phosphorylation. Science 260:953–959.
  • Lin, W. C., and S. Desiderio. 1994. Cell cycle regulation of V(D)J recombi-nation-activating protein RAG-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2733–2737.
  • Mages, G. J., H. M. Feldmann, and E.-L. Winnacker. 1996. Involvement of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HDF1 gene in DNA double-strand break repair and recombination. J. Biol. Chem. 271:7910–7915.
  • Mateos, S., P. Slijepcevic, R. A. F. MacLeod, and P. E. Bryant. 1994. DNA double-strand break rejoining inxrs5 cells is more rapid in the G2 than in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Mutat. Res. 315:181–187.
  • McBlane, J. F., D. C. van Gent, D. A. Ramsden, C. Romeo, C. A. Cuomo, M. Gellert, and M. A. Oettinger. 1995. Cleavage at a V(D)J recombination signal requires only RAG1 and RAG2 proteins and occurs in two steps. Cell 83:387–395.
  • Miller-Faures, A., A. Slave, M. Caudron, C. Sene, and A. O. A. Miller. 1985. Flow cytometric analysis of hepatoma tissue and HeLa cells grown on various types of microbeads using hydroxyurea, nocodazole and aphidicolin in succession. Dev. Biol. Stand. 60:209–218.
  • Milne, G. T., S. Jin, K. B. Shannon, and D. T. Weaver. 1996. Mutations in two Ku homologs define a DNA end-joining repair pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4189–4198.
  • Mimori, T., J. A. Hardin, and J. A. Steitz. 1986. Characterization of the DNA-binding protein antigen Ku recognized by autoantibodies from patients with rheumatic disorders. J. Biol. Chem. 261:2274–2278.
  • Modrich, P. 1994. Mismatch repair, genetic stability, and cancer. Science 266:1959–1960.
  • Moore, J. K., and J. E. Haber. 1996. Cell cycle and genetic requirements of two pathways of nonhomologous end-joining repair of double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2164–2173.
  • Morgan, D. O. 1995. Principles of CDK regulation. Nature 374:131–134.
  • Nagasawa, H., P. Keng, R. Harley, W. Dahlberg, and J. B. Little. 1994. Relationship between 7-ray-induced G2/M delay and cellular radiosensitiv-ity. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 66:373–379.
  • Nussenzweig, A., C. Chen, V. da Costa Soares, M. Sanchez, K. Sokol, M. C. Nussenzweig, and G. C. Li. 1996. Requirement for Ku80 in growth and immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination. Nature 382:551–555.
  • Pan, Z.-Q., A. A. Amin, E. Gibbs, H. Niu, and J. Hurwitz. 1994. Phosphorylation of the p34 subunit of human single-stranded DNA-binding protein in cyclin A-activated G1 extracts is catalyzed by CDK-cyclin A complex and DNA-dependent protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8343–8347.
  • Petersen, L. N., D. K. Orren, and V. A. Bohr. 1995. Gene-specific and strand-specific DNA repair in the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3731–3737.
  • Rathmell, W. K., and G. Chu. 1994. Involvement of the Ku autoantigen in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7623–7627.
  • Sancar, A. 1994. Mechanisms of DNA excision repair. Science 266:1954–1956.
  • Sandell, L. L., and V. A. Zakian. 1993. Loss of a yeast telomere: arrest, recovery, and chromosome loss. Cell 75:729–739.
  • Schlissel, M., A. Constantinescu, T. Morrow, M. Baxter, and A. Peng. 1993. Double-strand signal sequence breaks in V(D)J recombination are blunt, 5′-phosphorylated, RAG-dependent, and cell-cycle regulated. Genes Dev. 7:2520–2532.
  • Seide, W., A. A. Friedl, I. Dianova, F. Eckardt-Schupp, and E. C. Friedberg. 1996. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ku autoantigen homologue affects ra-diosensitivity only in the absence of homologous recombination. Genetics 142:91–102.
  • Shenoy, S., J.-K. Choi, S. Bagrodia, T. D. Copeland, J. L. Mailer, and D. Shalloway. 1989. Purified maturation promoting factor phosphorylates pp60c-src at the sites phosphorylated during fibroblast mitosis. Cell 57:763–774.
  • Stamato, T. D., and N. Denko. 1990. Asymmetric field inversion gel electrophoresis: a new method for detecting DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Radiat. Res. 121:196–205.
  • Stamato, T. D., R. Weinstein, A. Giaccia, and L. Mackenzie. 1983. Isolation of cell cycle-dependent gamma ray-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell. Somatic Cell Genet. 9:165–173.
  • Sun, S., and T. H. Carter. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in HeLa cells is regulated during the cell cycle by phosphorylation. Submitted for publication.
  • Szostak, J. W., T. L. Orr-Weaver, R. J. Rothstein, and F. W. Stahl. 1983. The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell 33:25–35.
  • Taccioli, G. E., H.-L. Cheng, A. J. Varghese, G. Whitmore, and F. W. Alt. 1994. A DNA repair defect in Chinese hamster ovary cells affects V(D)J recombination similarly to the murine scid mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7439–7442.
  • Taccioli, G. E., G. Rathbun, E. Oltz, T. Stamato, P. A. Jeggo, and F. W. Alt. 1993. Impairment of V(D)J recombination in double-strand break repair mutants. Science 260:207–210.
  • Walworth, N. C., and R. Bernards. 1996. rad-dependent response of the chkl-encoded protein kinase at the DNA damage checkpoint. Science 271:353–356.
  • Weibezahn, K. F., H. Lohrer, and P. Herrlich. 1985. Double-strand break repair and G2 block in Chinese hamster ovary cells and their radiosensitive mutants. Mutat. Res. 145:177–183.
  • Weinert, T. A., and L. H. Hartwell. 1988. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 241:317–322.
  • Whitmore, G. F., A. J. Varghese, and S. Gulyas. 1989. Cell cycle responses of two X-ray sensitive mutants defective in DNA repair. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 56:657–665.
  • Yaneva, M., and S. Jhiang. 1991. Expression of the Ku protein during cell proliferation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1090:181–187.
  • Zdzienicka, M. Z. 1995. Mammalian mutants defective in the response to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Mutat. Res. 336:203–213.
  • Zdzienicka, M. Z., Q. Tran, G. P. van der Schans, and J. W. I. M. Simons. 1988. Characterization of an X-ray-hypersensitive mutant of V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat. Res. 194:239–249.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.