The Sex-lethal Early Splicing Pattern Uses a Default Mechanism Dependent on the Alternative 5′ Splice Sites

REFERENCES

• Bell, L. R., E. M. Maine, P. Schedl, and T. W. Cline. 1988. Sex-lethal, a Drosophila sex determination switch gene, exhibits sex-specific RNA splicing and sequence similarity to RNA binding proteins. Cell 55:1037–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M., and T. W. Cline. 1994. Differential effects of Sex-lethal mutations on dosage compensation early in Drosophila development. Genetics 136:1051–1061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black, D. L. 1990. Does steric interference between splice sites block the splicing of a short c-src neuron-specific exon in non-neuronal cells? Genes Dev. 5:389–402.
   Google Scholar
• Black, D. L. 1992. Activation of c-src neuron-specific splicing by an unusual RNA element in vivo and in vitro. Cell 69:795–807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black, D. L. 1995. Finding splice sites within a wilderness of RNA. RNA 1:763–771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlo, T., D. A. Sterner, and S. M. Berget. 1996. An intron splicing enhancer containing a G-rich repeat facilitates inclusion of a vertebrate micro-exon. RNA 2:342–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiara, M. D., and R. Reed. 1995. A two-step mechanism for 5′ and 3′ splice-site pairing. Nature 375:510–512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cline, T. W. 1979. A male-specific lethal mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that transforms sex. Dev. Biol. 72:266–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cline, T. W. 1984. Autoregulatory functioning of a Drosophila gene product that establishes and maintains the sexually determined state. Genetics 107:231–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Gatto, F., and R. Breathnach. 1995. Exon and intron sequences, respectively, repress and activate splicing of a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 alternative exon. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:4825–4834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Nocera, P. P., and I. B. Dawid. 1983. Transient expression of genes introduced into cultured cells of Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:7095–7098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirksen, W. P., R. K. Hampson, Q. Sun, and F. M. Rottman. 1994. A purine-rich exon sequence enhances alternative splicing of bovine growth hormone pre-mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 269:6431–6436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elion, E. A., and J. R. Warner. 1984. The major promoter element of rRNA transcription in yeast lies 2 kb upstream. Cell 39:663–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, X.-D. 1995. The superfamily of arginine/serine-rich splicing factors. RNA 1:663–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego, M. E., and B. Nadal-Ginard. 1990. Myosin light-chain 1/3 gene alternative splicing: cis regulation is based upon a hierarchical compatibility between splice sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:2133–2144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goguel, V., and M. Rosbash. 1993. Splice site choice and splicing efficiency are positively influenced by pre-mRNA intramolecular base pairing in yeast. Cell 72:893–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, M., and B. Baker. 1994. How flies make one equal two: dosage compensation in Drosophila. Trends Genet. 10:376–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedley, M. L., and T. Maniatis. 1991. Sex-specific splicing and polyadenyl-ation of dsx pre-mRNA requires a sequence that binds specifically to tra-2 protein. Cell 65:579–586.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horabin, J. I., and P. Schedl. 1993. Regulated splicing of the Drosophila Sex-lethal male exon involves a blockage mechanism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1408–1414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horabin, J. I., and P. Schedl. 1993. Sex-lethal autoregulation requires multiple cis-acting elements upstream and downstream of the male exon and appears to depend largely on controlling the use of the male exon 5′ splice site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7734–7746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horabin, J. I., and P. Schedl. 1996. Splicing of the Drosophila Sex-lethal early transcripts involves exon skipping that is independent of Sex-lethal protein. RNA 2:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horton, R. M., H. D. Hunt, S. N. Ho, J. K. Pullen, and L. R. Pease. 1989. Engineering hybrid genes without the use of restriction enzymes: gene splicing by overlap extension. Gene 77:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh, G. S., and R. O. Hynes. 1994. Regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing by a novel repeated hexanucleotide element. Genes Dev. 8:1561–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey, M. B., J. Bryan, T. A. Cooper, and S. M. Berget. 1995. A 32-nucleotide exon-splicing enhancer regulates usage of competing 5′ splice sites in a differential internal exon. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3979–3988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue, K., K. Hoshijima, I. Higuchi, H. Sakamoto, and Y. Shimura. 1992. Binding of the Drosophila transformer and transformer-2 proteins to the regulatory elements of doublesex primary transcript for sex-specific RNA processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8092–8096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue, K., K. Hoshijima, H. Sakamoto, and Y. Shimura. 1990. Binding of the Drosophila Sex-lethal gene product to the alternative splice site of transformer primary transcript. Nature 344:461–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, L. N., T. W. Cline, and P. Schedl. 1992. The primary sex determination signal of Drosophila acts at the level of transcription. Cell 68:933–943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavigueur, A., H. L. Branche, A. R. Kornblihtt, and B. Chabot. 1993. A splicing enhancer in the human fibronectin alternate ED1 exon interacts with SR proteins and stimulates U2 snRNP binding. Genes Dev. 7:2405–2417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. W., and T. Maniatis. 1995. Synergistic interactions between two distinct elements of a regulated splicing enhancer. Genes Dev. 9:284–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, K. W., and T. Maniatis. 1996. Assembly of specific SR protein complexes on distinct regulatory elements of the Drosophila doublesex splicing enhancer. Genes Dev. 10:2089–2101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhani, H. D., and C. Guthrie. 1994. Dynamic RNA-RNA interactions in the spliceosome. Annu. Rev. Genet. 28:1–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchuk, D., M. Drumm, A. Saulino, and F. C. Collins. 1991. Construction of T-vectors, a rapid and general system for direct cloning of unmodified PCR products. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. J., C. C. Query, and P. A. Sharp. 1993. Splicing of precursors to mRNA by the spliceosome, p. 303–357. In R. F. Gesteland and J. F. Atkins (ed.), The RNA world. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Mount, S. M. 1982. A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:459–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mount, S. M., C. Burks, G. Hertz, G. D. Stormo, O. White, and C. Fields. 1992. Splicing signals in Drosophila: intron size, information content and consensus sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:4255–4262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, A. J. 1987. Specific accessory sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae introns control assembly of pre-mRNAs into spliceosomes. EMBO J. 6:3833–3839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niwa, M., C. C. MacDonald, and S. M. Berget. 1992. Are vertebrate exons scanned during splice-site selection? Nature 360:277–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robberson, B. L., G. J. Cote, and S. M. Berget. 1990. Exon definition may facilitate splice site selection in RNAs with multiple exons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, G., and A. Spradling. 1982. Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors. Science 218:348–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryner, L. C., and B. S. Baker. 1991. Regulation of doublesex pre-mRNA processing occurs by 3′-splice site activation. Genes Dev. 5:2071–2085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto, H., K. Inoue, I. Higuchi, Y. Ono, and Y. Shimura. 1992. Control of Drosophila Sex-lethal pre-mRNA splicing by its own female-specific product. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:5533–5540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salz, H. K., T. W. Cline, and P. Schedl. 1987. Functional changes associated with structural alterations induced by mobilization of a P element inserted in the Sex-lethal gene of Drosophila. Genetics 117:221–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Samuels, M. E., D. Bopp, R. A. Colvin, R. F. Roscigno, M. A. Garcia-Blanco, and P. Schedl. 1994. RNA binding by Sxl proteins in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4975–4990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider, I. 1972. Cell lines derived from the late embryonic stages of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 27:355–365.
   Google Scholar
• Sosnowski, B. A., D. D. Davis, R. T. Boggs, S. J. Madigan, and M. McKeown. 1994. Multiple portions of a small region of the Drosophila transformer gene are required for efficient in vivo sex-specific regulated RNA splicing and in vitro Sex-lethal binding. Dev. Biol. 161:302–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, Q., A. Mayeda, R. K. Hampson, A. R. Krainer, and F. M. Rottman. 1993. General splicing factor SF2/ASF promotes alternative splicing by binding to an exonic splicing enhancer. Genes Dev. 7:2598–2608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talcerico, M., and S. M. Berget. 1990. Effect of 5′ splice site mutations onsplicing of the preceding intron. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6299–6305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tian, M., and T. Maniatis. 1992. Positive control of pre-mRNA splicing in vitro. Science 256:237–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tian, M., and T. Maniatis. 1994. A splicing enhancer exhibits both constitutive and regulated activities. Genes Dev. 8:1703–1712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valcarcel, J., R. Singh, P. D. Zamore, and M. R. Green. 1993. The protein Sex-lethal antagonizes the splicing factor U2AF to regulate alternative splicing of transformer pre-mRNA. Nature 362:171–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., and L. R. Bell. 1994. The Sex-lethal amino terminus mediates cooperative interactions in RNA binding and is essential for splicing regulation. Genes Dev. 8:2072–2085.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watakabe, A., K. Tanaka, and Y. Shimura. 1993. The role of exon sequences in splice site selection. Genes Dev. 7:407–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, R., J. Teng, and T. A. Cooper. 1993. The cardiac troponin T alternative exon contains a novel purine-rich positive splicing element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3660–3674.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zahler, A. M., and M. B. Roth. 1995. Distinct functions of SR proteins in recruitment of U1 small nuclear ribonucloprotein to alternative 5′ splice sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2642–2646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamore, P. D., J. G. Patton, and M. G. Green. 1992. Cloning and domain structure of the mammalian splicing factor U2AF. Nature 355:609–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., P. D. Zamore, M. Carmo-Fonseca, A. I. Lamond, and M. G. Green. 1992. Cloning and intracellular localization of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor small subunit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8769–8773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar