Ku86 Is Not Required for Protection of Signal Ends or for Formation of Nonstandard V(D)J Recombination Products

REFERENCES

• Baker, T. A., and K. Mizuuchi. 1992. DNA-promoted assembly of the active tetramer of the Mu transposase. Genes Dev. 6:2221–2232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biedermann, K. A., J. Sun, A. J. Giaccia, L. M. Tosto, and J. M. Brown. 1991. scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1394–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blunt, T., N. J. Finnie, G. E. Taccioli, G. C. M. Smith, J. Demengeot, T. M. Gottlieb, R. Mizuta, A. J. Varghese, F. W. Alt, P. A. Jeggo, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. Defective DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is linked to V(D)J recombination and DNA repair defects associated with the murine scid mutation. Cell 80:813–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogue, M., and D. B. Roth. 1996. Mechanism of V(D)J recombination. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8:175–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, A. M., J. K. Slack, and X. C. Mu. 1993. V(D)J recombination generates a high frequency of nonstandard TCR Dd-associated rearrangements in thymocytes. J. Immunol. 150:2222–2230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, F., S. R. Peterson, M. D. Story, and D. J. Chen. 1996. Disruption of DNA-PK in Ku80 mutant xrs-6 and the implications in DNA double-strand break repair. Mutat. Res. 362:9–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow, S. A., K. A. Vincent, V. Ellison, and P. O. Brown. 1992. Reversal of integration and DNA splicing mediated by integrase of human immunodeficiency virus. Science 255:723–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J. M. 1988. Novel non-templated nucleotide addition reactions catalyzed by procaryotic and eucaryotic DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:9677–9686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman, Q. M., T. M. J. Leu, and D. G. Schatz. 1996. Initiation of V(D)J recombination in vitro: the 12/23 rule. Nature 380:85–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finnie, N. J., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, P. A. Jeggo, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is absent in xrs-6 cells: implications for site-specific recombination and DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:320–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulop, G. M., and R. A. Phillips. 1990. The scid mutation in mice causes a general defect in DNA repair. Nature 347:479–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getts, R. C., and T. D. Stamato. 1994. Absence of a Ku-like DNA end binding activity in the xrs double-strand DNA repair-deficient mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 269:15981–15984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, T. M., and S. P. Jackson. 1993. The DNA-dependent protein kinase: requirement for DNA ends and association with Ku antigen. Cell 72:131–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haniford, D. B., H. W. Benjamin, and N. Kleckner. 1991. Kinetic and structural analysis of a cleaved donor intermediate and a strand transfer intermediate in Tn10 transposition. Cell 64:171–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendrickson, E. A., X.-Q. Qin, E. A. Bump, D. G. Schatz, M. Oettinger, and D. T. Weaver. 1991. A link between double-strand break-related repair and V(D)J recombination: the scid mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4061–4065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse, J. E., M. R. Lieber, K. Mizuuchi, and M. Gellert. 1989. V(D)J recombination: a functional definition of the joining signals. Genes Dev. 3:1053–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. P., and P. A. Jeggo. 1995. DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination: involvement of DNA-PK. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:412–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeggo, P. A. 1985. X-ray sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cell line: radio-sensitivity of DNA synthesis. Mutat. Res. 145:171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeggo, P. A. 1990. Studies on mammalian mutants defective in rejoining double-strand breaks in DNA. Mutat. Res. 239:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabotyanski, E., L. Gomelsky, J.-O. Han, and D. B. Roth. Unpublished observations.
   Google Scholar
• Kao, F.-T., L. Chasin, and T. T. Puck. 1969. Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. X. Complementation analysis of glycine-requiring mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64:1284–1291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirchgessner, C. U., C. K. Patil, J. W. Evans, C. A. Cuomo, L. M. Fried, T. Carter, M. A. Oettinger, and J. M. Brown. 1995. DNA-dependent kinase (p350) as a candidate gene for the murine scid defect. Science 267:1178–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruklitis, R., D. J. Welty, and H. Nakai. 1996. ClpX protein of Escherichia coli activates bacteriophage Mu transposase in the strand transfer complex for initiation of Mu DNA synthesis. EMBO J. 15:935–944.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lafaille, J. J., A. DeCloux, M. Bonneville, Y. Takagaki, and S. Tonegawa. 1989. Junctional sequences of T cell receptor γδ genes: implications for γδ T cell lineages and for a novel intermediate of V(D)J joining. Cell 59:859–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levchenko, I., L. Luo, and T. A. Baker. 1995. Disassembly of the Mu transposase tetramer by the ClpX chaperone. Genes Dev. 9:2399–2408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, S., and M. Gellert. 1989. The mechanism of antigen receptor gene assembly. Cell 59:585–588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, S. M., J. E. Hesse, K. Mizuuchi, and M. Gellert. 1988. Novel strand exchanges in V(D)J recombination. Cell 55:1099–1107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang, F., and M. Jasin. 1996. Ku80-deficient cells exhibit excess degradation of extrachromosomal DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 271:14405–14411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber, M. R., J. E. Hesse, S. Lewis, G. C. Bosma, N. Rosenberg, K. Mizuuchi, M. J. Bosma, and M. Gellert. 1988. The defect in murine severe combined immune deficiency: joining of signal sequences but not coding segments in V(D)J recombination. Cell 55:7–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber, M. R., J. E. Hesse, K. Mizuuchi, and M. Gellert. 1988. Lymphoid V(D)J recombination: nucleotide insertion at signal joints as well as coding joints. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8588–8592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malynn, B. A., T. K. Blackwell, G. M. Fulop, G. A. Rathbun, A. J. W. Furley, P. Ferrier, L. B. Heinke, R. A. Phillips, G. D. Yancopoulos, and F. W. Alt. 1988. The scid defect affects the final step of the immunoglobulin VDJ recombinase mechanism. Cell 54:453–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBlane, J. F., D. C. van Gent, D. A. Ramsden, C. Romeo, C. A. Cuomo, M. Gellert, and M. A. Oettinger. 1995. Cleavage at a V(D)J recombination signal requires only RAG1 and RAG2 proteins and occurs in two steps. Cell 83:387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, J. T., and S. M. Lewis. 1993. P nucleotides in V(D)J recombination: a fine-structure analysis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1078–1092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mimori, T., and J. A. Hardin. 1986. Mechanism of interaction between Ku protein and DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 261:10375–10379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuuchi, M., T. Baker, and K. Mizuuchi. 1992. Assembly of the active form of the transposase-Mu DNA complex: a critical control point in Mu transposition. Cell 70:303–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morozov, V. E., M. Falzon, C. W. Anderson, and E. L. Kuff. 1994. DNA- dependent protein kinase is activated by nicks and larger single-stranded gaps. J. Biol. Chem. 269:16684–16688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussenzweig, A. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Nussenzweig, A., C. Chen, V. da Costa Soares, M. Sanchez, K. Sokol, M. C. Nussenzweig, and G. C. Li. 1996. Requirement for Ku80 in growth and immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination. Nature 382:551–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paillard, S., and F. Strauss. 1991. Analysis of the mechanism of interaction of simian Ku protein with DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5619–5624.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pergola, F., M. Z. Zdzienicka, and M. R. Lieber. 1993. V(D)J recombination in mammalian cell mutants defective in DNA double-strand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3464–3471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathmell, W. K., and G. Chu. 1994. A DNA end-binding factor involved in double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4741–4748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., X.-B. Chang, and J. H. Wilson. 1989. Comparison of filler DNA at immune, nonimmune, and oncogenic rearrangements suggests multiple mechanisms of formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3049–3057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., T. Lindahl, and M. Gellert. 1995. How to make ends meet. Curr. Biol. 5:496–499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth, D. B., J. P. Menetski, P. B. Nakajima, M. J. Bosma, and M. Gellert. 1992. V(D)J recombination: broken DNA molecules with covalently sealed (hairpin) coding ends in scid mouse thymocytes. Cell 70:983–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., P. B. Nakajima, J. P. Menetski, M. J. Bosma, and M. Gellert. 1992. V(D)J recombination in mouse thymocytes: double-strand breaks near T cell receptor d rearrangement signals. Cell 69:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., G. N. Proctor, L. K. Stewart, and J. H. Wilson. 1991. Oligonucleotide capture during end joining in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:7201–7205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth, D. B., C. Zhu, and M. Gellert. 1993. Characterization of broken DNA molecules associated with V(D)J recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10788–10792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadofsky, M. J., J. E. Hesse, J. F. McBlane, and M. Gellert. 1993. Expression and V(D)J recombination activity of mutated RAG-1 proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:5644–5650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadofsky, M. J., J. E. Hesse, and M. Gellert. 1994. Definition of a core region of RAG-2 that is functional in V(D)J recombination. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1805–1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlissel, M., A. Constantinescu, T. Morrow, M. Baxter, and A. Peng. 1993. Double-strand signal sequence breaks in V(D)J recombination are blunt, 5′-phosphorylated, RAG-dependent, and cell cycle regulated. Genes Dev. 7:2520–2532.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuler, W., I. J. Weiler, A. Schuler, R. A. Phillips, N. Rosenberg, T. W. Mak, J. F. Kearney, R. P. Perry, and M. J. Bosma. 1986. Rearrangement of antigen receptor genes is defective in mice with severe combined immune deficiency. Cell 46:963–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, K. M., and M. R. Lieber. 1993. V(D)J recombination: signal and coding joint resolution are uncoupled and depend on parallel synapsis of the sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1363–1370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steen, S. B., L. Gomelsky, and D. B. Roth. 1996. The 12/23 rule is enforced at the cleavage step of V(D)J recombination in vivo. Genes Cells 1:543–553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surette, M. G., S. J. Buch, and G. Chaconas. 1987. Transpososomes: stable protein-DNA complexes involved in the in vitro transposition of bacteriophage Mu DNA. Cell 49:253–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taccioli, G. E., H.-L. Cheng, A. J. Varghese, G. Whitmore, and F. W. Alt. 1994. A DNA repair defect in chinese hamster ovary cells affects V(D)J recombination similarly to the murine scid mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7439–7442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taccioli, G. E., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, A. Priestley, J. Demengeot, R. Mizuta, A. R. Lehmann, F. W. Alt, S. P. Jackson, and P. A. Jeggo. 1994. Ku80: product of the XRCC5 gene and its role in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Science 265:1442–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taccioli, G. E., G. Rathbun, E. Oltz, T. Stamato, P. A. Jeggo, and F. W. Alt. 1993. Impairment of V(D)J recombination in double-strand break repair mutants. Science 260:207–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gent, D. C., K. Mizuuchi, and M. Gellert. 1996. Similarities between initiation of V(D)J recombination and retroviral integration. Science 271:1592–1594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Gent, D. C., D. A. Ramsden, and M. Gellert. 1996. The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins establish the 12/23 rule in V(D)J recombination. Cell 85:107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, C., M. A. Bogue, D.-S. Lim, P. Hasty, and D. B. Roth. 1996. Ku86- deficient mice exhibit severe combined immunodeficiency and defective processing of V(D)J recombination intermediates. Cell 86:379–389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu, C., and D. B. Roth. 1995. Characterization of coding ends in thymocytes of scid mice: implications for the mechanism of V(D)J recombination. Immunity 2:101–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar