GABP Factors Bind to a Distal Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Enhancer and Contribute to c-Raf-Mediated Increase in IL-2 Induction

REFERENCES

• Avots, A. Unpublished results.
   Google Scholar
• Avots, A. et al. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Baldari, C. T., A. Heguy, and J. F. Telford. 1993. ras protein activity is essential for T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 268:2693–2698.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boshart, M., M. Klüppel, A. Schmidt, G. Schütz, and B. Luckow. 1992. Reporter constructs with low background activity utilizing the cat gene. Gene 110:129–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brombacher, F., T. Schüfer, U. Weissenstein, C. Tschopp, E. Andersen, K. Burki, and G. Baumann. 1994. IL-2 promoter-driven lacZ expression as a monitoring tool for IL-2 expression in primary T cells of transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 6:186–197.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., and S. L. McKnight. 1992. Specificities of protein-protein and protein-DNA interaction of GABPα and two newly defined ets-related proteins. Genes Dev. 6:2502–2512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruder, J. T., G. Heidecker, and U. R. Rapp. 1992. Serum-, TPA-, and Ras-induced expression from Ap-1/Ets-driven promoters requires Raf-1 ki-nase. Genes Dev. 6:545–556.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantrell, D. 1996. T cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathways. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:259–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson, A. M. K., and F. C. Kafatos. 1993. Antibody detection of protein complexes bound to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:4416–4417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de la Brousse, F. C., E. H. Birkenmeier, D. S. King, L. B. Rowe, and S. L. McKnight. 1994. Molecular and genetic characterization of GABPβ. Genes Dev. 8:1853–1865.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demczuk, S., M. Harbers, and B. Vennstrom. 1993. Identification and analysis of all components of a gel retardation assay by combination with immu-noblotting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2574–2578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory, E., A. Hoffmeyer, U. Smola, U. R. Rapp, and J. T. Bruder. 1996. Raf-1 kinase targets GA-binding protein (GABP) in transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. J. Virol. 70:2260–2268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujiwara, S., S. Koizumi, R. J. Fisher, N. K. Bhat, and T. S. Papas. 1990. Phosphorylation of the Ets-2 protein: regulation by the T-cell antigen recep-tor-CD3 complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1249–1253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottschalk, L. R., D. M. Giannola, and S. G. Emerson. 1993. Molecular regulation of the human IL-3 gene: inducible T cell-restricted expression required intact AP-1 and Elf-1 nuclear protein binding sites. J. Exp. Med. 178:1681–1692.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gugneja, S., J. V. Virbasius, and R. C. Scarpulla. 1995. Four structurally distinct, non-DNA-binding subunits of human nuclear respiratory factor 2 share a conserved transcriptional activation domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:102–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izquierdo, M., S. J. Leevers, C. J. Marshall, and D. Cantrell. 1993. p21ras couples the T cell antigen receptor to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 in T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 178:1199–1208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jankevics, E., G. Makarenkova, A. Tsimanis, and E. Grens. 1994. Structure and analysis of the 5′ flanking region of the human interleukin-2 gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1217:235–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janknecht, R., W. H. Ernst, V. Pingoud, and A. Nordheim. 1993. Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by MAP kinases. EMBO J. 12:5097–5104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janknecht, R., and A. Nordheim. 1993. Gene regulation by Ets proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1155:346–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, S., R. B. Reeves, J.-X. Lin, R. Child, J. M. Leiden, C. B. Thompson, and W. J. Leonard. 1995. Regulation of cell-type-specific interleukin-2 receptor α-chain gene expression: potential role of physical interactions between Elf-1, HMG-I(Y), and NF-kB family proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1786–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara, M. D., and D. S. Sigman. 1987. Footprinting DNA-protein complexes in situ following gel retardation assays using 1,10-phenanthroline-copper ion: Escherichia coli RNA polymerase-lac promoter complexes. Biochemistry 26:7234–7238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaMarco, K., C. C. Thompson, B. P. Byers, E. M. Walton, and S. L. McKnight. 1991. Identification of Ets- and Notch-related subunits in GA binding protein. Science 253:789–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMarco, K. L., and S. L. McKnight. 1989. Purification of a set of cellular polypeptides that bind to the purine-rich cis-regulatory element of herpes simplex virus immediately early genes. Genes Dev. 3:1372–1383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leiden, J. M. 1993. Transcriptional regulation of T cell receptor genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11:539–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J.-X., N. K. Bhat, S. John, W. S. Queale, and W. J. Leonard. 1993. Characterization of the human interleukin-2 receptor β-chain gene promoter: regulation of promoter activity by ets gene products. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6201–6210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, J. 1993. FK506 and cyclosporin, molecular probes for studying intracellular signal transduction. Immunol. Today 14:290–295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novak, T. J., P. M. White, and E. V. Rothenberg. 1990. Regulatory anatomy of the murine interleukin-2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:4523–4533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owaki, H., R. Varma, B. Gillis, J. T. Bruder, U. R. Rapp, L. S. Davis, and T. D. Geppert. 1993. Raf-1 is required for T cell IL2 production. EMBO J. 12:4367–4373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeuffer, I., S. Klein-Heβling, A. Heinfling, S. Chuvpilo, C. Escher, T. Brabletz, B. Hentsch, H. Schwarzenbach, P. Matthias, and E. Serfling. 1994. Octamer factors exert a dual effect on the IL-2 and IL-4 promoters. J. Immunol. 153:5572–5585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pognonec, P., K. E. Boulukos, J. C. Gesquiere, D. Stehelin, and J. Ghysdael. 1988. Mitogenic stimulation of thymocytes results in the calcium-dependent phosphorylation of c-ets-1 proteins. EMBO J. 7:977–983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price, M. A., F. H. Cruzalegui, and R. Treisman. 1996. The p38 and Erk MAP kinase pathways cooperate to activate ternary complex factors and c-fos transcription in response to UV light. EMBO J. 15:6552–6563.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randak, C., T. Brabletz, M. Hergenrother, I. Sobotta, and E. Serfling. 1990. Cyclosporin A suppresses the expression of the interleukin 2 gene by inhibiting the binding of lymphocyte-specific factors to the IL-2 enhancer. EMBO J. 9:2529–2536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, A. 1994. NF-ATp: a transcriptional factor required for the co-ordinate induction of several cytokine genes. Immunol. Today 15:274–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapp, U. R., J. T. Bruder, and J. Troppmair. 1994. Role of the Raf signal transduction pathway in fos/jun regulation and determination of cell fates, p. 221–247. In P. Angel and P. Herrlich (ed.), The fos and jun families of transcription factors. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
   Google Scholar
• Romano-Spica, V., P. Georgiou, H. Suzuki, T. S. Papas, and N. K. Bhat. 1995. Role of ETS1 in IL-2 gene expression. J. Immunol. 154:2724–2732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg, E., and S. B. Ward. 1996. A dynamic assembly of diverse transcription factors integrates activation and cell-type information for in-terleukin 2 gene regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9358–9365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber, E., P. Matthias, M. M. Müller, and W. Schaffner. 1988. Identification of a novel lymphoid specific octamer binding protein (OTF-2B) by proteolytic bandshift assay (PCBA). EMBO J. 7:4221–4229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, E., P. Matthias, M. M. Muüller, and W. Schaffner. 1989. Rapid detection of octamer binding proteins with “miniextracts,” prepared from a small number of cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:6419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzenbach, H., J. W. Newell, and P. Matthias. 1994. Involvement of the ets family factor PU.1 in the activation of immunoglobulin promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 270:898–907.
   Google Scholar
• Serfling, E., A. Avots, and M. Neumann. 1995. The architecture of the interleukin-2 promoter: a reflection of T lymphocyte activation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1263:181–200. (Review.)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serfling, E., R. Barthelmüs, I. Pfeuffer, B. Schenk, S. Zarius, R. Swoboda, F. Mercurio, and M. Karin. 1989. Ubiquitous and lymphocyte-specific factors are involved in the induction of the mouse interleukin 2 gene in T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 8:465–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibasaki, F., E. R. Price, D. Milan, and F. McKeon. 1996. Role of kinases and the phosphatase calcineurin in the nuclear shuttling of transcription factor NF-AT4. Nature 382:370–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, J. N., C. H. June, H. Yamada, U. R. Rapp, and L. E. Samelson. 1993. Rapid activation of c-Raf-1 after stimulation of the T-cell receptor or the muscarinic receptor type 1 in resting T cells. J. Immunol. 151:4116–4127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Su, B., E. Jacinto, M. Hibi, T. Kallunki, M. Karin, and Y. Ben-Neriah. 1994. JNK is involved in signal integration during costimulation of T lymphocytes. Cell 77:727–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, C. B., C.-Y. Wang, I. C. Ho, P. R. Bohjanen, B. Petryniak, C. H. June, S. Miesfeldt, L. Zhang, G. J. Nabel, B. Karpinski, and J. M. Leiden. 1992. cis-acting sequences required for inducible interleukin-2 enhancer function bind a novel Ets-related protein, Elf-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:1043–1053.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson, C. C., T. A. Brown, and S. L. McKnight. 1991. Convergence of Ets- and Notch-related structural motifs in a heteromeric DNA binding complex. 1991. Science 253:762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, R. 1996. Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 8:205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam, H., D. Wilhelm, I. Herr, A. Steffen, P. Herrlich, and P. Angel. 1995. ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents. EMBO J. 14:1798–1811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virbasius, J. V., C.-M. A. Virbasius, and R. C. Scarpulla. 1993. Identity of GABP with NRF-2, a multisubunit activator of cytochrome oxidase expression, reveals a cellular role for an ETS domain activator of viral promoters. Genes Dev. 7:380–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-Y., A. G. Bassuk, L. H. Boise, C. B. Thompson, R. Bravo, and J. M. Leiden. 1994. Activation of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promoter in T cells requires cooperative binding of Elf-1 and AP-1 transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1153–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasylyk, B., S. L. Hahn, and A. Giovane. 1993. The Ets family of transcription factors. Eur. J. Biochem. 211:7–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitehurst, C. E., T. G. Boulton, M. H. Cobb, and T. D. Geppert. 1992. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases in T cells. Anti-CD3 and 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced phosphorylation and activation. J. Immunol. 148:3230–3237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar