Enhancer Control of Local Accessibility to V(D)J Recombinase

REFERENCES

• Alt, F. W., T. K. Blackwell, and G. D. Yancopoulos. 1987. Development of the primary antibody repertoire. Science (Washington, D.C.) 238:1079–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alt, F. W., E. M. Oltz, F. Young, J. Gorman, G. Taccioli, and J. Chen. 1992. VDJ recombination. Immunol. Today 13:306–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ausubel, F. M., R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. A. Smith, J. G. Seidman, and K. Struhl. 1987. Current protocols in molecular biology. Green Publishing Associates and John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Blunt, T., N. J. Finnie, G. E. Taccioli, G. C. M. Smith, J. Demengeot, T. M. Gottlieb, R. Mizuta, A. J. Varghese, F. W. Alt, P. A. Jeggo, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. Defective DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is linked to V(D)J recombination and DNA repair defects associated with the murine scid mutation. Cell 80:813–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bories, J.-C., J. Demengeot, L. Davidson, and F. W. Alt. 1996. Gene-targeted deletion and replacement of the T-cell receptor b-chain enhancer: the role of enhancer elements in controlling V(D)J recombination accessibility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7871–7876.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouvier, G., F. Watrin, M. Naspetti, C. Verthuy, P. Naquet, and P. Ferrier. 1996. Deletion of the mouse T-cell receptor b gene enhancer blocks ab T-cell development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7877–7881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capone, M., F. Watrin, C. Fernex, B. Horvat, B. Krippl, L. Wu, R. Scollay, and P. Ferrier. 1993. TCRb and TCRa gene enhancers confer tissue- and stage-specificity on V(D)J recombination events. EMBO J. 12:4335–4346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, E. Y., and P. H. Seeburg. 1985. Supercoil sequencing: a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA. Dev. Biol. 4:165–170.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J., F. Young, A. Bottaro, V. Stewart, R. K. Smith, and F. W. Alt. 1993. Mutations of the intronic IgH enhancer and its flanking sequences differentially affect accessibility of the JH locus. EMBO J. 12:4635–4645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chien, Y.-H., M. Iwashima, D. A. Wettstein, K. B. Kaplan, J. F. Elliot, W. Born, and M. M. Davis. 1987. T-cell receptor d gene rearrangements in early thymocytes. Nature (London) 330:722–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman, Q. M., T. M. Leu, and D. G. Schatz. 1996. Initiation of V(D)J recombination in vitro obeying the 12/23 rule. Nature (London) 380:85–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot, J. F., E. P. Rock, P. A. Patten, M. M. Davis, and Y.-H. Chien. 1988. The adult T-cell receptor d-chain is diverse and distinct from that of fetal thymocytes. Nature (London) 331:627–631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg, A., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier, P., B. Krippl, T. K. Blackwell, A. J. W. Furley, H. Suh, A. Winoto, W. D. Cook, L. Hood, F. Costantini, and F. W. Alt. 1990. Separate elements control DJ and VDJ rearrangement in a transgenic recombination substrate. EMBO J. 9:117–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forrester, W. C., C. van Genderen, T. Jenuwein, and R. Grosschedl. 1994. Dependence of enhancer-mediated transcription of the immunoglobulin m gene on nuclear matrix attachment regions. Science (Washington, D.C.) 265:1221–1225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gellert, M. 1992. Molecular analysis of V(D)J recombination. Annu. Rev. Genet. 22:425–446.
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, J. R., N. van der Stoep, R. Monroe, M. Cogne, L. Davidson, and F. W. Alt. 1996. The Igk 3′ enhancer influences the ratio of Igk versus Igl B lymphocytes. Immunity 5:241–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han, S., B. Zheng, D. G. Schatz, E. Spanopoulou, and G. Kelsoe. 1996. Neoteny in lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 expression in germinal center B cells. Science (Washington, D.C.) 274:2094–2097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson, E. A., V. F. Liu, and D. T. Weaver. 1991. Strand breaks without DNA rearrangement in V(D)J recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:3155–3162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernandez-Munain, C., P. Lauzurica, and M. S. Krangel. 1996. Regulation of T cell receptor d gene rearrangement by c-Myb. J. Exp. Med. 183:289–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hikida, M., M. Mori, T. Takai, K.-I. Tomochika, K. Hamatani, and H. Ohmori. 1996. Reexpression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes in activated mature mouse B cells. Science (Washington, D.C.) 274:2092–2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. P., and P. A. Jeggo. 1995. DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination: involvement of DNA-PK. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenuwein, T., W. C. Forrester, R.-G. Qiu, and R. Grosschedl. 1993. The immunoglobulin m enhancer core establishes local factor access in nuclear chromatin independent of transcriptional stimulation. Genes Dev. 7:2016–2032.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirchgessner, C. U., C. K. Patil, J. W. Evans, C. A. Cuomo, L. M. Fried, T. Carter, M. A. Oettinger, and J. M. Brown. 1995. DNA-dependent kinase (p350) as a candidate gene for the murine SCID defect. Science (Washington, D.C.) 267:1178–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krangel, M. S., H. Yssel, C. Brocklehurst, and H. Spits. 1990. A distinct wave of human T cell receptor g/d lymphocytes in the early fetal thymus: evidence for controlled gene rearrangement and cytokine production. J. Exp. Med. 172:847–859.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauster, R., C.-A. Reynaud, I.-L. Martensson, A. Peter, D. Bucchini, J. Jami, and J.-C. Weill. 1993. Promoter, enhancer and silencer elements regulate rearrangement of an immunoglobulin transgene. EMBO J. 12:4615–4623.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauzurica, P., and M. S. Krangel. 1994. Enhancer-dependent and -independent steps in the rearrangement of a human T cell receptor d transgene. J. Exp. Med. 179:43–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauzurica, P., and M. S. Krangel. 1994. Temporal and lineage-specific control of T cell receptor a/d gene rearrangement by T cell receptor a and d enhancers. J. Exp. Med. 179:1913–1921.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauzurica, P., X.-P. Zhong, M. S. Krangel, and J. L. Roberts. 1997. Regulation of T cell receptor d gene rearrangement by CBF/PEBP2. J. Exp. Med. 185:1193–1201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, S. M. 1994. The mechanism of V(D)J joining: lessons from molecular, immunological and comparative analyses. Adv. Immunol. 56:27–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. M., and J. E. Hesse. 1991. Cutting and closing without recombination in V(D)J joining. EMBO J. 10:3631–3639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh, E. Y., S. Cwirla, A. T. Serafini, J. H. Phillips, and L. L. Lanier. 1988. Human T-cell-receptor d chain: genomic organization, diversity, and expression in populations of cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9714–9718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBlane, J. F., D. C. van Gent, D. A. Ramsden, C. Romeo, C. A. Cuomo, M. Gellert, and M. A. Oettinger. 1995. Cleavage at a V(D)J recombination signal requires only RAG1 and RAG2 proteins and occurs in two steps. Cell 83:387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mombaerts, P., J. Iacomini, R. S. Johnson, K. Herrup, S. Tonegawa, and V. E. Papaioannou. 1992. RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes. Cell 68:869–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, P. R., and B. Wold. 1989. In vivo footprinting of a muscle specific enhancer by ligation mediated PCR. Science (Washington, D.C.) 246:780–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussenzweig, A., C. Chen, V. da Costa Soares, M. Sanchez, K. Sokol, M. C. Nussenzweig, and G. C. Li. 1996. Requirement for Ku80 in growth and immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination. Nature (London) 382:551–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettinger, M. A., D. G. Schatz, C. Gorka, and D. Baltimore. 1990. RAG-1 and RAG-2, adjacent genes that synergistically activate V(D)J recombination. Science (Washington, D.C.) 248:1517–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada, A., M. Mendelsohn, and F. Alt. 1994. Differential activation of transcription versus recombination of transgenic T cell receptor b variable region gene segments in B and T lineage cells. J. Exp. Med. 180:261–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oltz, E. M., F. W. Alt, W.-C. Lin, J. Chen, G. Taccioli, S. Desiderio, and G. Rathbun. 1993. A V(D)J recombinase-inducible B-cell line: role of transcriptional enhancer elements in directing V(D)J recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6223–6230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pikaart, M., J. Feng, and B. Villeponteau. 1992. The polyoma enhancer activates chromatin accessibility on integration into the HPRT gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5786–5792.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. L., P. Lauzurica, and M. S. Krangel. 1997. Developmental regulation of VDJ recombination by the core fragment of the T cell receptor a enhancer. J. Exp. Med. 185:131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., J. P. Menetski, P. B. Nakajima, M. J. Bosma, and M. Gellert. 1992. V(D)J recombination: broken DNA molecules with covalently sealed (hairpin) coding ends in scid mouse thymocytes. Cell 70:983–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., P. B. Nakajima, J. P. Menetski, M. J. Bosma, and M. Gellert. 1992. V(D)J recombination in mouse thymocytes: double-strand breaks near T cell receptor d rearrangement signals. Cell 69:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, D. B., C. Zhu, and M. Gellert. 1993. Characterization of broken DNA molecules associated with V(D)J recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10788–10792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, D. G., M. A. Oettinger, and D. Baltimore. 1989. The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. Cell 59:1035–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, D. G., M. A. Oettinger, and M. S. Schlissel. 1992. V(D)J recombination: molecular biology and regulation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:359–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlissel, M., A. Constantinescu, T. Morrow, M. Baxter, and A. Peng. 1993. Double-strand signal sequence breaks in V(D)J recombination are blunt, 59-phosphorylated, RAG-dependent, and cell cycle regulated. Genes Dev. 7:2520–2532.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serwe, M., and F. Sablitzky. 1993. V(D)J recombination in B cells is impaired but not blocked by targeted deletion of the immunoglobulin heavy chain intron enhancer. EMBO J. 12:2321–2327.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheehan, K. M., and M. R. Lieber. 1993. V(D)J recombination: signal and coding joint resolution are uncoupled and depend on parallel synapsis of the sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1363–1370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinkai, Y., G. Rathbun, K.-P. Lam, E. M. Oltz, V. E. Stewart, M. Mendelsohn, J. Charron, M. Datta, F. Young, A. M. Stall, and F. W. Alt. 1992. RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement. Cell 68:855–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleckman, B. P., J. R. Gorman, and F. W. Alt. 1996. Accessibility control of antigen receptor variable region gene assembly: role of cis-acting elements. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:459–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smider, V., W. K. Rathmell, M. R. Lieber, and G. Chu. 1995. Restoration of X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination in mutant cells by Ku cDNA. Science (Washington, D.C.) 266:288–291.
   Google Scholar
• Stanhope-Baker, P., K. M. Hudson, A. L. Shaffer, A. Constantinescu, and M. S. Schlissel. 1996. Cell type-specific chromatin structure determines the targeting of V(D)J recombinase activity in vitro. Cell 85:887–897.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taccioli, G. E., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, A. Priestly, J. Demengeot, R. Mizuta, A. Lehmann, F. W. Alt, S. P. Jackson, and P. A. Jeggo. 1994. Ku80: product of the XRCC5 gene and its role in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Science (Washington, D.C.) 265:1442–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda, S., Y.-R. Zou, H. Bluethmann, D. Kitamura, U. Muller, and K. Rajewsky. 1993. Deletion of the immunoglobulin kappa chain intron enhancer abolishes kappa chain gene rearrangement in cis but not lambda chain gene rearrangement in trans. EMBO J. 12:2329–2336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Gent, D. C., D. A. Ramsden, and M. Gellert. 1996. The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins establish the 12/23 rule in V(D)J recombination. Cell 85:107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villey, I., D. Caillol, F. Selz, P. Ferrier, and J.-P. de Villartay. 1996. Defect in rearrangement of the most 5′ TCR-Ja following targeted deletion of T early a (TEA): implications for TCR a locus accessibility. Immunity 5:331–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weaver, D. T. 1995. What to do at an end: DNA double-strand break repair. Trends Genet. 11:388–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, Y., L. Davidson, F. W. Alt, and D. Baltimore. 1996. Deletion of the Igk light chain intronic enhancer/matrix attachment region impairs but does not abolish VkJk rearrangement. Immunity 4:377–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong, X.-P., and M. S. Krangel. 1997. An enhancer-blocking element between a and d gene segments within the human T cell receptor a/d locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:5219–5224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, C., M. Bogue, D.-S. Lim, P. Hasty, and D. B. Roth. 1996. Ku86-deficient mice exhibit severe combined immunodeficiency and defective processing of V(D)J recombination intermediates. Cell 86:379–389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar