8
Views
147
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Induction of S-Phase Entry by E2F Transcription Factors Depends on Their Nuclear Localization

, , , , &
Pages 5508-5520 | Received 14 Apr 1997, Accepted 21 Jun 1997, Published online: 29 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Beijersbergen, R. L., L. Carlee, R. M. Kerkhoven, and R. Bernards. 1995. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes. Genes Dev. 9:1340–1353.
  • Beijersbergen, R. L., R. M. Kerkhoven, L. Zhu, L. Carlee, P. M. Voorhoeve, and R. Bernards. 1994. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F gene family, has oncogenic activity and associates with p107 in vivo. Genes Dev. 8:2680–2690.
  • Blake, M. C., and J. C. Azizkhan. 1989. Transcription factor E2F is required for ef®cient expression of the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4994–5002.
  • Cobrinik, D. 1996. Regulatory interactions among E2Fs and cell cycle control proteins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 208:31–60.
  • de la Luna, S., M. J. Burden, C.-W. Lee, and N. B. La Thangue. 1996. Nuclear accumulation of the E2F heterodimer regulated by subunit compo-sition and alternative splicing of a nuclear localization signal. J. Cell Sci. 109:2443–2452.
  • Dynlacht, B. D., O. Flores, J. A. Lees, and E. Harlow. 1994. Differential regulation of E2F transactivation by cyclin/CDK2 complexes. Genes Dev. 8:1772–1786.
  • Dyson, N., M. Dembski, A. Fattaey, C. Ngwu, M. Ewen, and K. Helin. 1993. Analysis of p107-associated proteins: p107 associates with a form of E2F that differs from pRB-associated E2F-1. J. Virol. 67:7641–7647.
  • Faha, B., M. Ewen, L.-H. Tsai, D. Livingston, and E. Harlow. 1992. Interaction between human cyclin A and adenovirus E1A-associated p107 protein. Science 255:87–90.
  • Fazioli, F., L. Minichiello, B. Matoskova, W. T. Wong, and P. P. Di Fiore. 1993. eps15, a novel tyrosine kinase substrate, exhibits transforming activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:5814–5828.
  • Field, J., J.-I. Nikawa, D. Broek, B. MacDonald, L. Rodgers, I. A. Wilson, R. A. Lerner, and M. Wigler. 1988. Puri®cation of a RAS-responsive adenylyl cyclase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by use of an epitope addition method. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2159–2165.
  • Harlow, E., and D. Lane. 1988. Antibodies: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • Hateboer, G., R. M. Kerkhoven, A. Shvarts, R. Bernards, and R. Beijersbergen. 1996. Degradation of E2F by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: regulation by retinoblastoma family proteins and adenovirus transforming proteins. Genes Dev. 10:2960–2970.
  • Helin, K., J. A. Lees, M. Vidal, N. Dyson, E. Harlow, and A. Fattaey. 1992. A cDNA encoding a pRB-binding protein with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Cell 70:337–350.
  • Helin, K., C.-L. Wu, A. R. Fattaey, J. A. Lees, B. D. Dynlacht, C. Ngwu, and E. Harlow. 1993. Heterodimerization of the transcription factors E2F-1 and DP-1 leads to cooperative transactivation. Genes Dev. 7:1850–1861.
  • Herrera, R. E., V. P. Sah, B. O. Williams, T. P. Makela, R. A. Weinberg, and T. Jacks. 1996. Altered cell cycle kinetics, gene expression, and G1 restriction point regulation in Rb-de®cient ®broblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2402–2407.
  • Hsiao, K.-M., S. L. McMahon, and P. J. Farnham. 1994. Multiple DNA elements are required for the growth regulation of the mouse E2F1 promoter. Genes Dev. 8:1526–1537.
  • Ikeda, M. A., L. Jakoi, and J. R. Nevins. 1996. A unique role for the Rb protein in controlling E2F accumulation during cell growth and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:3215–3220.
  • Johnson, D. G., K. Ohtani, and J. R. Nevins. 1994. Autoregulatory control of E2F1 expression in response to positive and negative regulators of cell cycle progression. Genes Dev. 8:1514–1525.
  • Johnson, D. G., J. K. Schwarz, W. D. Cress, and J. R. Nevins. 1993. Expression of transcription factor E2F1 induces quiescent cells to enter S phase. Nature 365:349–352.
  • Kadonaga, J. T., K. R. Carner, F. R. Masiarz, and R. Tjian. 1987. Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell 51:1079–1090.
  • Kalderon, D., B. L. Roberts, W. D. Richardson, and A. E. Smith. 1984. A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location. Cell 39:499–509.
  • Krek, W., M. E. Ewen, S. Shirodkar, Z. Arany, W. G. Kaelin, and D. M. Livingston. 1994. Negative regulation of the growth-promoting transcription factor E2F-1 by a stably bound cyclin A-dependent protein kinase. Cell 78:161–172.
  • Lam, E. W.-F., and R. J. Watson. 1993. An E2F-binding site mediates cell-cycle regulated repression of mouse B-myb transcription. EMBO J. 12:2705–2713.
  • Lees, E., B. Faha, V. Dulic, S. I. Reed, and E. Harlow. 1992. Cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin A/cdk2 kinases associate with p107 and E2F in a temporally distinct manner. Genes Dev. 6:1874–1885.
  • Lees, J. A., M. Saito, M. Vidal, M. Valentine, T. Look, E. Harlow, N. Dyson, and K. Helin. 1993. The retinoblastoma protein binds to a family of E2F transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7813–7825.
  • Li, Y., C. Graham, S. Lacy, A. M. V. Duncan, and P. Whyte. 1993. The adenovirus E1A-associated 130-kD protein is encoded by a member of the retinoblastoma gene family, and physically interacts with cyclins A and E. Genes Dev. 7:2366–2377.
  • Lukas, J., J. Bartkova, M. Rohde, M. Strauss, and J. Bartek. 1995. Cyclin D1 is dispensable for G1 control in retinoblastoma gene-de®cient cells independently of cdk4 activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2600–2611.
  • Lukas, J., B. O. Petersen, K. Holm, J. Bartek, and K. Helin. 1996. Deregulated expression of E2F family members induces S-phase entry and overcomes p16INK4A-mediated growth suppression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1047–1057.
  • Magae, J., C.-L. Wu, S. Illenye, E. Harlow, and N. H. Heintz. 1996. Nuclear localization of DP and E2F transcription factors by heterodimeric partners and retinoblastoma protein family members. J. Cell Sci. 109:1717–1726.
  • Mann, D. J., and N. C. Jones. 1996. E2F-1 but not E2F-4 can overcome a p16-induced G1 cell-cycle arrest. Curr. Biol. 6:474–483.
  • Mittnacht, S., and R. A. Weinberg. 1991. G1/S phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein is associated with altered af®nity for the nuclear compartment. Cell 65:381–393.
  • Moberg, K., M. A. Starz, and J. A. Lees. 1996. E2F-4 switches from p130 to p107 and pRB in response to cell cycle reentry. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1436–1449.
  • Mualler, H. Unpublished results.
  • Neuman, E., E. K. Flemington, W. R. Sellers, and W. G. Kaelin, Jr. 1994. Transcription of the E2F-1 gene is rendered cell cycle dependent by E2F DNA-binding sites within its promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6607–6615. (Authors’ correction, 15:4660, 1995.)
  • Nevins, J. R. 1992. E2F; a link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science 258:424–429.
  • Pardee, A. B. 1989. G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science 246:603–608.
  • Peeper, D. S., P. Keblusek, K. Helin, M. Toebes, A. J. van der Eb, and A. Zantema. 1995. Phosphorylation of a speci®c cdk site in E2F-1 affects its electrophoretic mobility and promotes pRB-binding in vitro. Oncogene 10:39–48.
  • Scheffner, M., K. Muanger, J. C. Byrne, and P. M. Howley. 1991. The state of the p53 and retinoblastoma genes in human cervical carcinoma cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5523–5527.
  • Sherr, C. J. 1996. Cancer cell cycles. Science 274:1672–1677.
  • Slansky, J. E., and P. J. Farnham. 1996. Introduction to the E2F family: protein structure and gene regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 208:1–30.
  • Tommasi, S., and G. P. Pfeifer. 1995. In vivo structure of the human cdc2 promoter: release of a p130-E2F-4 complex from sequences immediately upstream of the transcription initiation site coincides with induction of cdc2 expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6901–6913.
  • Weinberg, R. A. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323–330.
  • Wu, C.-L., M. Classon, N. Dyson, and E. Harlow. 1996. Expression of dominant-negative mutant DP-1 blocks cell cycle progression in G1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3698–3706.
  • Xu, M., K.-A. Sheppard, C.-Y. Peng, A. S. Yee, and H. Piwnica-Worms. 1994. Cyclin A/CDK2 binds directly to E2F-1 and inhibits the DNA-binding activity of E2F-1/DP-1 by phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:8420–8431.
  • Zerfass-Thome, K., A. Schulze, W. Zwerschke, B. Vogt, K. Helin, J. Bartek, B. Henglein, and P. Jansen-Duarr. 1997. p27KIP1 blocks cyclin E-dependent transactivation of cyclin A gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:407–415.
  • Zhu, L., S. van den Heuvel, K. Helin, A. Fattaey, M. Ewen, D. Livingston, N. Dyson, and E. Harlow. 1993. Inhibition of cell proliferation by p107, a relative of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 7:1111–1125.
  • Zhu, L., L. Zhu, E. Xie, and L.-S. Chang. 1995. Differential roles of two tandem E2F sites in repression of the human p107 promoter by retinoblastoma and p107 proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3552–3562.
  • Zwicker, J., N. Liu, K. Engeland, F. C. Lucibello, and R. Mualler. 1996. Cell cycle regulation of E2F site occupation in vivo. Science 271:1595–1597.
  • Zwicker, J., F. C. Lucibello, L. A. Wolfraim, C. Gross, M. Truss, K. Engeland, and R. Mualler. 1995. Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A, cdc25C and cdc2 gene is based on a common mechanism of transcriptional repression. EMBO J. 14:4514–4522.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.