The Ability of CD40L, but Not Lipopolysaccharide, To Initiate Immunoglobulin Switching to Immunoglobulin G1 Is Explained by Differential Induction of NF-κB/Rel Proteins

REFERENCES

• Baldwin, A. S.Jr. 1996. The NF-κB and I-κB proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 649–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg, A. A., W. C. Sha, R. T. Bronson, S. Ghosh, and D. Baltimore 1995. Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-κB. Nature 376: 167–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berton, M. T., and L. A. Linehan 1995. IL-4 activates a latent DNA-binding factor that binds a shared IFN-γ and IL-4 response element present in the germ-line γ1 Ig promoter. J. Immunol. 154: 4513–4525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bottaro, A., R. Lansford, L. Xu, J. Zhang, P. Rothman, and F. Alt 1994. S region transcription (per se) promotes basal IgE class switch recombination but additional factors regulate the efficiency of the process. EMBO J. 13: 665–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasier, A., J. Tate, and J. Habener 1989. Optimized use of the firefly luciferase assay as a reporter gene in mammalian cell lines. BioTechniques 7: 1116–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.-W., M.-S. Lin, and K. A. Vora 1992. B cell differentiation. I. Development and functional analysis of murine B cells immortalized by a recombinant retrovirus. Int. Immunol. 4: 1293–1302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delphin, S. A., and J. Stavnezer 1995. Characterization of an IL-4 responsive region in the immunoglobulin heavy chain ɛ promoter: regulation by NF-IL4, a C/EBP family member and NF-κB/p50. J. Exp. Med. 181: 181–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiDonato, J. A., M. Hayakawa, D. M. Rothwarf, E. Zandi, and M. Karin 1997. A cytokine-responsive IκB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-κB. Nature 388: 548–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerre, S., P. Sista, S.-C. Sun, D. W. Ballard, and W. C. Greene 1993. The c-rel protooncogene product represses NF-κB p65-mediated transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 1023–1027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doi, T. S., T. Takahashi, O. Taguchi, T. Azuma, and Y. Obata 1997. NF-κB RelA-deficient lymphocytes: normal development of T cells and B cells, impaired production of IgA and IgG1 and reduced proliferative responses. J. Exp. Med. 185: 953–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. A., R. Sen, N. Rice, and T. L. Rothstein 1998. Receptor-specific induction of NF-κB components in primary B cells. Int. Immunol. 10: 285–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerondakis, S., A. Strasser, D. Metcalf, G. Grigoriadis, J. Y. Scheerlinck, and R. J. Grumont 1996. Rel-deficient T cells exhibit defects in production of interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 3405–3409.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh, S., A. M. Gifford, L. R. Riviere, P. Tempst, G. Nolan, and D. Baltimore 1990. Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-κB: homology to rel and dorsal. Cell 62: 1019–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, M. Z., R. N. Wilson, and R. A. Weinberg 1986. Multiple protein-binding sites in the 5′-flanking region regulate c-fos expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6: 4305–4316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glimcher, L. H., T. Hamano, R. Asofsky, E. Heber-Katz, R. H. Schwartz, and W. E. Paul 1982. I region-restricted antigen presentation by B cell-B lymphoma hybridomas. Nature 298: 283–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grewal, I. S., P. Borrow, E. G. Pamer, M. B. Oldstone, and R. A. Flavell 1997. The CD40-CD154 system in anti-infective host defense. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9: 491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriadis, G., Y. Zhan, R. J. Grumont, D. Metcalf, E. Handman, C. Cheers, and S. Gerondakis 1996. The Rel subunit of NF-κB-like transcription factors is a positive and negative regulator of macrophage gene expression: distinct roles for Rel in different macrophage populations. EMBO J. 15: 7099–7107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honjo, T., M. Obata, Y. Yamawaki-Katoaka, T. Kataoka, T. Kawakami, N. Takahashi, and Y. Mano 1979. Cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of mouse immunoglobulin γ1 chain gene. Cell 18: 559–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jumper, M. D., J. B. Splawski, P. E. Lipsky, and K. Meek 1994. Ligation of CD40 induces sterile transcripts of multiple H chain isotypes in human B cells. J. Immunol. 152: 438–454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung, S., K. Rajewsky, and A. Radbruch 1993. Shutdown of class switch recombination by deletion of a switch region control element. Science 259: 984–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston, R. E., C. A. Chen, H. Okayama, and J. K. Rose 1996. Transfection of DNA into eukaryotic cells: calcium phosphate transfection Current protocols in molecular biology. In: Ausubel, F. M., R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl9.1.4–9.1.6John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Köntgen, F., R. J. Grumont, A. Strasser, D. Metcalf, R. Li, D. Tarlinton, and S. Gerondakis 1995. Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymphocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression. Genes Dev. 9: 1965–1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotkow, K. J., and S. H. Orkin 1995. Dependence of globin gene expression in mouse erythroleukemia cells on the NF-E2 heterodimer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 4640–4647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, P., T. Brocker, S. Hubele, E. Padovan, A. Lanzavecchia, and F. McConnell 1993. Soluble CD40 ligand can replace the normal T cell-derived CD40 ligand signal to B cells in T cell-dependent activation. J. Exp. Med. 177: 1209–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, S.-C. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, S.-C., and J. Stavnezer 1996. Activation of NF-κB/Rel by CD40 engagement induces the mouse germ line immunoglobulin Cγ1 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 4591–4603.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorenz, M., S. Jung, and A. Radbruch 1995. Switch transcripts in immunoglobulin class switching. Science 267: 1825–1828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lutzker, S., P. Rothman, R. Pollock, R. Coffman, and F. W. Alt 1988. Mitogen- and IL-4-regulated expression of germline Ig γ2b transcripts: evidence for directed heavy chain class switching. Cell 53: 177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowatt, M. R., and W. A. Dunnick 1986. DNA sequence of the murine γ1 switch segment reveals novel structural features. J. Immunol. 136: 2674–2683.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neumann, J. R., C. A. Morency, and K. O. Russian 1987. A novel rapid assay for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene expression. BioTechniques 5: 444–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, M., G. Wohlleben, S. Chuvpilo, B. Kistler, T. Wirth, E. Serfling, and A. Schimpl 1997. CD40, but not LPS and anti-IgM stimulation of primary B lymphocytes, leads to a persistent nuclear accumulation of RelB. J. Immunol. 157: 4862–4869.
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutter, R. M., D. Hansburg, D. E. Briles, R. A. Nicolotti, and J. M. Davie 1978. Subclass restriction of murine anti-carbohydrate antibodies. J. Immunol. 121: 566–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, U. R., J. L. Cleveland, T. N. Fredrickson, K. L. Holmes, Morse H. C., III, H. W. Jansen, T. Patschinsky, and K. Bister 1985. Rapid induction of hemopoietic neoplasms in newborn mice by a raf(mil)/myc recombinant murine retrovirus. J. Virol. 55: 23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribaudo, R. Preparation of RNA from tissues and cells: hot phenol method Current protocols in immunology In: Coligan, J. E., A. M. Kruisbeek, D. H. Margulies, E. M. Shevach, and W. Strober2199410.11.1–10.11.3John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, N. R., and M. K. Ernst 1993. In vivo control of NF-κB activation by IκBα. EMBO J. 12: 4685–4695.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabath, D. E., H. E. Broome, and M. B. Prystowsky 1990. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA is a major interleukin 2-induced transcript in a cloned T-helper lymphocyte. Gene 91: 185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, E., P. Matthias, M. M. Muller, and W. Schaffner 1989. Rapid detection of octamer proteins with ‘mini-extracts’ prepared from a small number of cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 6419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinson, E., C. Fernandez, and J. Stavnezer 1990. Induction of germ-line immunoglobulin heavy chain transcripts by mitogens and interleukins prior to switch recombination. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 1079–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sha, W. C., H.-C. Liou, E. I. Tuomanen, and D. Baltimore 1995. Targeted disruption of the p50 subunit of NF-κB leads to multifocal defects in immune responses. Cell 80: 321–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, C.-H., and J. Stavnezer 1998. Interaction of Stat6 and NF-κB: direct association and synergistic activation of interleukin-4-induced transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 3395–3404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack, J., G. P. Der Balian, M. Nahm, and J. M. Davie 1980. Subclass restriction of murine antibodies. II. The IgG plaque-forming cell response to thymus-independent type 1 and type 2 antigens in normal mice and mice expressing an X-linked immunodeficiency. J. Exp. Med. 151: 853–862.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snapper, C. M., and F. D. Finkelman Immunoglobulin class switching Fundamental immunology In: Paul, W. E.31993857–863Raven Press, New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Snapper, C. M., F. R. Rosas, P. Zelazowski, M. A. Moorman, M. R. Kehry, R. Bravo, and F. Weih 1996. B cells lacking RelB are defective in proliferative responses, but undergo normal B cell maturation to Ig secretion and Ig class switching. J. Exp. Med. 184: 1537–1541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snapper, C. M., P. Zelazowski, F. R. Rosas, M. R. Kehry, M. Tian, D. Baltimore, and W. C. Sha 1996. B cells from p50/NF-κB knockout mice have selective defects in proliferation, differentiation, germline CH transcription and Ig class switching. J. Immunol. 156: 183–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stavnezer, J. 1996. Antibody class switching. Adv. Immunol. 61: 79–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavnezer, J., G. Radcliffe, Y.-C. Lin, J. Nieutupski, L. Berggren, R. Sitia, and E. Severinson 1988. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain switching may be directed by prior induction of transcripts from constant-region genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7704–7708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. E., R. J. Phillips, H. Erdjument-Bromage, P. Tempst, and S. Ghosh 1995. IκB-β regulates the persistent response in a biphasic activation of NF-κB. Cell 80: 573–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., W. F. Tam, C. C. W. Hughes, S. Rath, and R. Sen 1997. c-Rel is a target of pentoxifylline-mediated inhibition of T lymphocyte activation. Immunity 6: 165–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, W. D., and M. T. Berton 1995. Induction of germline γ1 and ɛ Ig gene expression in murine B cells: interleukin 4 and the CD40 ligand-CD40 interaction provide distinct but synergistic signals. J. Immunol. 155: 5637–5646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weih, F., G. Warr, H. Yang, and R. Bravo 1997. Multifocal defects in immune responses in RelB-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 158: 5211–5218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, S. T., J.-C. Epinat, N. R. Rice, and A. Israël 1997. I kappa B epsilon, a novel member of the IκB family, controls RelA and cRel NF-κB activity. EMBO J. 16: 1413–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortis, H. H. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, M., and J. Stavnezer 1992. Regulation of transcription of immunoglobulin germ-line γ1 RNA: analysis of the promoter/enhancer. EMBO J. 11: 145–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zelazowski, P., D. Carrasco, F. R. Rosas, M. A. Moorman, R. Bravo, and C. M. Snapper 1997. B cells genetically deficient in the c-Rel transactivation domain have selective defects in germline CH transcription and Ig class switching. J. Immunol. 159: 3133–3139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zelazowski, P., J. T. Collins, W. Dunnick, and C. M. Snapper 1995. Antigen receptor cross-linking differentially regulates germ-line CH ribonucleic acid expression in murine B cells. J. Immunol. 154: 1223–1231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, J., A. Bottaro, S. Li, V. Stewart, and F. W. Alt 1993. A selective defect in IgG2b switching as a result of targeted mutation of the Iγ2b promoter and exon. EMBO J. 12: 3529–3537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar