c-Myc Regulates Cyclin D-Cdk4 and -Cdk6 Activity but Affects Cell Cycle Progression at Multiple Independent Points

REFERENCES

• Alevizopoulos, K., J. Vlach, S. Hennecke, and J. Amati 1997. Cyclin E and c-Myc promote cell proliferation in the presence of p16INK4a and of hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma family proteins. EMBO J. 16:5322–5333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amati, B., M. W. Brooks, N. Levy, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and J. Land 1993. Oncogenic activity of the c-Myc protein requires dimerization with Max. Cell 72:233–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amati, B., S. Dalton, M. W. Brooks, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and J. Land 1992. Transcriptional activation by the human c-Myc oncoprotein in yeast requires interaction with Max. Nature 359:423–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amati, B., T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and J. Land 1993. The c-Myc protein induces cell cycle progression and apoptosis through dimerization with Max. EMBO J. 12:5083–5087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, S., L. Bonetta, D. Macallan, D. Parry, A. Holder, C. Dickson, and J. Peters 1994. CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSKJ3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin D1. Oncogene 9:71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beijersbergen, R. L., and J. Bernards 1996. Cell cycle regulation by the retinoblastoma family of growth inhibitory proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1287:103–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beijersbergen, R. L., L. Carlee, R. M. Kerkhoven, and J. Bernards 1995. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes. Genes Dev. 9:1340–1353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bishop, J. M. 1983. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52:301–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, T. K., L. Kretzner, E. M. Blackwood, R. N. Eisenman, and J. Weintraub 1990. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science 250:1149–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwood, E. M., and J. Eisenman 1991. Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with myc. Science 251:1211–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blain, S. W., E. Montalvo, and J. Massagué 1997. Differential interaction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1 with cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin D2-cdk4. J. Biol. Chem. 272:25863–25872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botz, J., K. Zerfass-Thome, D. Spitkovsky, H. Delius, B. Vogt, M. Eilers, A. Hatzigeorgiou, and J. Jansen-Durr 1996. Cell cycle regulation of the murine cyclin E gene depends on an E2F binding site in the promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3401–3409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, A., M. K. Mateyak, K. Dugan, A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi, J. M. Sedivy, and J. Cole 1998. c-myc null cells misregulate cad and gadd45 but not other proposed c-Myc targets. Genes Dev. 12:3797–3802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, F. K. M., J. Zhang, L. Chen, D. N. Shapiro, and J. Winoto 1995. Identification of human/mouse p19, a novel cdk4/cdk6 inhibitor with homology to p16INK4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2682–2688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chellappan, S. P., S. Hiebert, M. Mudryj, J. M. Horowitz, and J. Nevins 1991. The E2F transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein. Cell 65:1053–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimowski, M. J., G. M. Laff, M. J. Solomon, and J. Reed 1995. KIN28 encodes a C-terminal domain kinase that controls mRNA transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but lacks cyclin-dependent kinase-activating activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2983–2992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole, M. D. 1986. The myc oncogene: its role in transformation and differentiation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 20:361–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, M. D., and J. McMahon 1999. The Myc oncoprotein: a critical evaluation of transactivation and target gene regulation. Oncogene 18:2916–2924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, K. G., B. S. Wautlet, D. Morrisey, J. Mulheron, S. A. Sedman, P. Brinkley, S. Price, and J. Webster 1997. Identification of Cdk4 sequences involved in cyclin D1 and p16 binding. J. Biol. Chem. 272:18869–18874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daksis, J. I., R. Y. Lu, L. M. Facchini, W. W. Marhin, and J. Penn 1994. Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle. Oncogene 9:3635–3645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. C., M. Wims, G. D. Spotts, S. R. Hann, and J. Bradley 1993. A null c-myc mutation causes lethality before 10.5 days of gestation in homozygotes and reduced fertility in heterozygous female mice. Genes Dev. 7:671–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, M., R. A. Levine, W. Ran, M. S. Kindy, G. E. Sonenshein, and J. Campisi 1986. Regulation of c-myc transcription and mRNA abundance by serum growth factors and cell contact. J. Biol. Chem. 261:9161–9166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRisi, J. L., V. R. Iyer, and J. Brown 1997. Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 278:680–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devoto, S. H., M. Mudryj, J. Pines, T. Hunter, and J. Nevins 1992. A cyclin A-protein kinase complex possesses sequence-specific DNA binding activity: p33cdk2 is a component of the E2F-cyclin A complex. Cell 68:167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, J. A., M. Cheng, M. F. Roussel, and J. Sherr 1998. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization. Genes Dev. 12:3499–3511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dou, G.-P., S. Zhao, A. H. Levin, J. Wang, K. Helin, and J. Pardee 1994. G1/S-regulated E2F-containing protein complexes bind to the mouse thymidine kinase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1306–1313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dulic, V., E. Lees, and J. Reed 1992. Association of human cyclin E with a periodic G1-S phase protein kinase. Science 257:1958–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand, B., M. L. Fero, J. M. Roberts, and J. Raff 1998. p27Kip1 alters the response of cells to mitogen and is part of a cell-intrinsic timer that arrests the cell cycle and initiates differentiation. Curr. Biol. 8:431–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dynlacht, B. D., O. Flores, J. A. Lees, and J. Harlow 1994. Differential regulation of E2F transactivation by cyclin/cdk2 complexes. Genes Dev. 8:1772–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilers, M., S. Schirm, and J. Bishop 1991. The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene. EMBO J. 10:133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewen, M. E., H. K. Sluss, C. J. Sherr, H. Matsushime, J. Kato, and J. Livingston 1993. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins. Cell 73:487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fero, M. L., M. Rivkin, M. Tasch, P. Porter, C. E. Carow, E. Firpo, K. Polyak, L. H. Tsai, V. Broudy, R. M. Perlmutter, K. Kaushansky, and J. Roberts 1996. A syndrome of multiorgan hyperplasia with features of gigantism, tumorigenesis, and female sterility in p27(Kip1)-deficient mice. Cell 85:733–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galaktionov, K., X. Chen, and J. Beach 1996. Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng, Y., E. N. Eaton, M. Picon, J. M. Roberts, A. S. Lundberg, A. Gifford, C. Sardet, and J. Weinberg 1996. Regulation of cyclin E transcription by E2Fs and retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 12:1173–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandori, C., and J. Eisenman 1997. Myc target genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, K., C. W. Jenkins, Y. Li, M. A. Nichols, X. Wu, C. L. O’Keefe, A. G. Matera, and J. Xiong 1994. Growth suppression by p18, a p16INK4/MTS1- and p14INK4/MTS2-related CDK6 inhibitor, correlates with wild-type pRb function. Genes Dev. 8:2939–2952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannon, G. J., and J. Beach 1994. p15INK4B is a potential effector of cell cycle arrest mediated by TGF-β. Nature 371:257–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, K. D., M. Shichiri, M. R. Follansbee, and J. Sedivy 1994. Effects of c-myc expression on cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5748–5755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, J. W., G. R. Adami, N. Wei, K. Keyomarsi, and J. Elledge 1993. The p21 cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75:805–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakeyama, M., J. A. Brill, G. R. Fink, and J. Weinberg 1994. Collaboration of G1 cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 8:1759–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson, M., and J. Luscher 1996. Proteins of the Myc network: essential regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Adv. Cancer Res. 68:109–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebert, S. W., S. P. Chellappan, J. M. Horowitz, and J. Nevins 1992. The interaction of RB with E2F coincides with an inhibition of the transcriptional activity of E2F. Genes Dev. 6:177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, P. W., S. Mittnacht, V. Dulic, A. Arnold, S. I. Reed, and J. Weinberg 1992. Regulation of retinoblastoma protein functions by ectopic expression of human cyclins. Cell 70:993–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirai, H., M. F. Roussel, J. Kato, R. A. Ashmun, and J. Sherr 1995. Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2672–2681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiyama, H., A. Iavarone, and J. Reeves 1998. Regulation of the cdk inhibitor p21 gene during cell cycle progression is under the control of the transcription factor E2F. Oncogene 16:1513–1523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoang, A. T., K. J. Cohen, J. F. Barrett, D. A. Bergstrom, and J. Dang 1994. Participation of cyclin A in Myc-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6875–6879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsiao, K. M., S. L. McMahon, and J. Farnham 1994. Multiple DNA elements are required for the growth regulation of the mouse E2F1 promoter. Genes Dev. 8:1526–1537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iavarone, A., and J. Massagué 1997. Repression of the Cdk activator Cdc25A and cell-cycle arrest by cytokine TGF-β in cells lacking the Cdk inhibitor p15. Nature 387:417–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inghirami, G., F. Grignani, L. Sternas, L. Lombardi, D. M. Knowles, and J. Dalla-Favera 1990. Down-regulation of LFA-1 adhesion receptors by c-myc oncogene in human B lymphoblastoid cells. Science 250:682–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, V. R., M. B. Eisen, D. T. Ross, G. Schuler, T. Moore, J. C. F. Lee, J. M. Trent, L. M. Staudt, J. Hudson Jr., M. S. Boguski, D. Lashkari, D. Shalon, D. Botstein, and J. Brown 1999. The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum. Science 283:83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen-Durr, P., A. Meichle, P. Steiner, M. Pagano, K. Finke, J. Botz, J. Wessbecher, G. Draetta, and J. Eilers 1993. Differential modulation of cyclin gene expression by Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3685–3689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. G., K. Ohtani, and J. Nevins 1994. Autoregulatory control of E2F1 expression in response to positive and negative regulators of cell cycle progression. Genes Dev. 8:1514–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczmarek, L., J. K. Hyland, R. Watt, M. Rosenberg, and J. Baserga 1985. Microinjected c-Myc as a competence factor. Science 228:1313–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaldis, P., A. Sutton, and J. Solomon 1996. The Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) from budding yeast. Cell 86:553–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karn, J., J. V. Watson, A. D. Lowe, S. M. Green, and J. Vedeckis 1989. Regulation of cell cycle duration by c-myc levels. Oncogene 4:773–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, G. J., W. M. F. Lee, L. Chen, and J. Dang 1992. Max: functional domains and interaction with c-Myc. Genes Dev. 6:81–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, J., H. Matsushime, S. W. Hiebert, M. E. Ewen, and J. Sherr 1993. Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev. 7:331–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, K., B. H. Cochran, C. D. Stiles, and J. Leder 1983. Cell-specific regulation of the c-myc gene by lymphocyte mitogens and platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 35:603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. L., and J. Lee 1992. Identification of a protein-binding site in the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene required for the G1-S-regulated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 267:2723–2727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiyokawa, H., R. D. Kineman, K. O. Manova-Todorova, V. C. Soares, E. S. Hoffman, M. Ono, D. Khanam, A. C. Hayday, L. A. Frohman, and J. Koff 1996. Enhanced growth of mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor function of p27(Kip1). Cell 85:721–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koff, A., A. Giordano, D. Desai, K. Yamashita, J. W. Harper, S. Elledge, T. Nishimoto, D. O. Morgan, B. R. Franza, and J. Roberts 1992. Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle. Science 257:1689–1694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretzner, L., E. Blackwood, and J. Eisenman 1992. Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities. Nature 359:426–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBaer, J., M. D. Garrett, L. F. Stevenson, J. M. Slingerland, C. Sandhu, H. S. Chou, A. Fattaey, and J. Harlow 1997. New functional activities for the p21 family of CDK inhibitors. Genes Dev. 11:847–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladha, M. H., K. Y. Lee, T. M. Upton, M. F. Reed, and J. Ewen 1998. Regulation of exit from quiescence by p27 and cyclin D1-Cdk4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:6605–6615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, H., L. Parada, and J. Weinberg 1983. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304:596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M. H., I. Reynisdóttir, and J. Massagué 1995. Cloning of p57KIP2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with unique domain structure and tissue distribution. Genes Dev. 9:639–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. C., L. Li, L. Philipson, and J. Ziff 1997. Myc represses transcription of the growth arrest gene gas1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:12886–12891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lees, E., B. Faha, V. Dulic, S. I. Reed, and J. Harlow 1992. Cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin A/cdk2 kinases associate with p107 and E2F in a temporally distinct manner. Genes Dev. 6:1874–1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L.-H., C. Nerlov, G. Prendergast, D. MacGregor, and J. Ziff 1994. c-Myc represses transcription in vivo by a novel mechanism dependent on the initiator element and Myc box II. EMBO J. 13:4070–4079.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundberg, A. S., and J. Weinberg 1998. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-cdk complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:753–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, R., R. C. Mulligan, and J. Baltimore 1983. Construction of a retrovirus packaging mutant and its use to produce helper-free defective retrovirus. Cell 33:153–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marhin, W. W., S. Chen, L. M. Facchini, A. J. Fornace Jr., and J. Penn 1997. Myc represses the growth arrest gene gadd45. Oncogene 14:2825–2834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mateyak, M. K., A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi, and J. Sedivy 1997. Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1039–1048.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsushime, H., M. E. Ewen, D. K. Strom, J. Kato, S. K. Hanks, M. F. Roussel, and J. Sherr 1992. Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSKJ3/CDK4) for mammalian D-type G1 cyclins. Cell 71:323–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushime, H., D. E. Quelle, S. A. Shurtleff, M. Shibuya, C. J. Sherr, and J. Kato 1994. D-type cyclin-dependent kinase activity in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2066–2076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushime, H., M. F. Roussel, R. A. Ashmun, and J. Sherr 1991. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell 65:701–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayol, X., J. Garriga, and J. Grana 1995. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma-related protein p130. Oncogene 11:801–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerson, M., and J. Harlow 1994. Identification of a G1 kinase activity for Cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2077–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. D., D. G. Miller, J. V. Garcia, and J. Lynch 1993. Use of retroviral vectors for gene transfer and expression. Methods Enzymol. 217:581–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mink, S., B. Mutschler, R. Weiskirchen, K. Bister, and J. Klempnauer 1996. A novel function for Myc: inhibition of C/EBP-dependent gene activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6635–6640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. O. 1997. Cyclin-dependent kinases: engines, clocks, and microprocessors. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:261–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. O. 1995. Principles of CDK regulation. Nature 374:131–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murre, C., P. S. McCaw, and J. Baltimore 1989. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD and Myc proteins. Cell 56:777–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama, K., N. Ishida, M. Shirane, A. Inomata, T. Inoue, N. Shishido, I. Horii, D. Y. Loh, and J. Nakayama 1996. Mice lacking p27(Kip1) display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors. Cell 85:707–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obaya, A. Unpublished observations.
   Google Scholar
• Obaya, A. J., M. K. Mateyak, and J. Sedivy 1999. Mysterious liaisons: the relationship between c-Myc and the cell cycle. Oncogene 18:2934–2941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtani, K., J. DeGregori, and J. Nevins 1995. Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12146–12150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, B. E., H.-P. Nasheuer, and J. Wang 1991. Human DNA polymerase α gene: sequences controlling expression in cycling and serum-stimulated cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2081–2095.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penn, L. J. Z., M. W. Brooks, E. M. Laufer, and J. Land 1990. Negative autoregulation of c-myc transcription. EMBO J. 9:1113–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Roger, I., D. L. C. Solomon, A. Sewing, and J. Land 1997. Myc activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase involves induction of cyclin E gene transcription and inhibition of p27Kip1 binding to newly formed complexes. Oncogene 14:2373–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peukert, K., P. Staller, A. Schneider, G. Carmichael, F. Hanel, and J. Eilers 1997. An alternative pathway for gene regulation by Myc. EMBO J. 16:5672–5686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp, A., A. Schneider, I. Vasrik, K. Finke, Y. Xiong, D. Beach, K. Alitalo, and J. Eilers 1994. Repression of cyclin D1: a novel function of MYC. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4032–4043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyak, K., J. Kato, M. J. Solomon, C. J. Sherr, J. Massagué, J. M. Roberts, and J. Koff 1994. p27Kip1, a cyclin-cdk inhibitor, links transforming growth factor-β and contact inhibition to cell cycle arrest. Genes Dev. 8:9–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyak, K., M. Lee, H. Erdjument-Bromage, A. Koff, J. M. Roberts, P. Tempst, and J. Massagué 1994. Cloning of p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a potential mediator of extracellular antimitogenic signals. Cell 78:59–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon, R. Y., K. Yamashita, M. Howell, M. A. Ershler, A. Belyavsky, and J. Hunt 1994. Cell cycle regulation of the p34cdc2/p33cdk2-activating kinase p40MO15. J. Cell Sci. 107:2789–2799.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prendergast, G. C., and J. Ziff 1991. Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science 251:186–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prouty, S. M., K. D. Hanson, A. L. Boyle, J. R. Brown, M. Shichiri, M. R. Follansbee, W. Kang, and J. Sedivy 1993. A cell culture model system for genetic analyses of the cell cycle by targeted homologous recombination. Oncogene 8:899–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusch, O., G. Bernaschek, M. Eilers, and J. Hengstschlager 1997. Activation of c-Myc uncouples DNA replication from activation of G1-cyclin-dependent kinases. Oncogene 15:649–656.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quelle, D. E., R. A. Ashmun, S. A. Shurtleff, J. Y. Kato, D. Bar-Sagi, M. F. Roussel, and J. Sherr 1993. Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes Dev. 7:1559–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, A. L., C. Carruthers, T. Gutjahr, and J. Roeder 1993. Direct role for Myc in transcription initiation mediated by interactions with TFII-I. Nature 365:359–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudolph, B., R. Saffrich, J. Zwicker, B. Henglein, R. Müller, W. Ansorge, and J. Eilers 1996. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by Myc mediates induction of cyclin A, but not apoptosis. EMBO J. 15:3065–3076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, A., K. Zerfass, D. Spitkovsky, S. Middendorp, J. Berges, K. Helin, P. Jansen-Durr, and J. Henglein 1995. Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A gene promoter is mediated by a variant E2F site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11264–11268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, R., K. Ohtani, and J. Nevins 1997. Identification of positively and negatively acting elements regulating expression of the E2F2 gene in response to cell growth signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5227–5235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serrano, M., G. J. Hannon, and J. Beach 1993. A new regulatory motif in cell cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclinD/cdk4. Nature 366:704–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheaff, R. J. 1997. Regulation of mammalian cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Methods Enzymol. 283:173–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, C. J. 1995. D-type cyclins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:187–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, C. J. 1993. Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 73:1059–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, C. J., and J. Roberts 1995. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 9:1149–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shichiri, M., K. D. Hanson, and J. Sedivy 1993. Effects of c-myc expression on proliferation, quiescence, and the G0 to G1 transition in nontransformed cells. Cell Growth Differ. 4:93–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shuttleworth, J. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Slansky, J. E., and J. Farnham 1996. Introduction to the E2F family: protein structure and gene regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 208:1–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, D. L. C., A. Philipp, H. Land, and J. Eilers 1995. Expression of cyclin D1 mRNA is not upregulated by Myc in rat fibroblasts. Oncogene 11:1893–1897.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer, C. A., and J. Groudine 1991. Control of c-myc regulation in normal and neoplastic cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 56:1–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, P., A. Philipp, J. Lukas, D. Godden-Kent, M. Pagano, S. Mittnacht, J. Bartek, and J. Eilers 1995. Identification of a Myc-dependent step during the formation of active G1 cyclin-cdk complexes. EMBO J. 14:4814–4826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, A., and J. Freiman 1997. The Cak1p protein kinase is required at G1/S and G2/M in the budding yeast cell cycle. Genetics 147:57–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tassan, J. P., S. J. Schultz, J. Bartek, and J. Nigg 1994. Cell cycle analysis of the activity, subcellular localization, and subunit composition of human CAK (CDK-activating kinase). J. Cell Biol. 127:467–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada, Y., M. Tatsuka, S. Jinno, and J. Okayama 1995. Requirement for tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4 in G1 arrest induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Nature 376:358–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlach, J., S. Hennecke, K. Alevizopoulos, D. Conti, and J. Amati 1996. Growth arrest by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is abrogated by c-Myc. EMBO J. 15:6595–6604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, C. M., T. D. Littlewood, D. C. Hancock, J. P. Moore, and J. Evan 1991. c-myc protein expression in untransformed fibroblasts. Oncogene 6:797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won, K.-A., Y. Xiong, D. Beach, and J. Gilman 1992. Growth-regulated expression of D-type cyclin genes in human diploid fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9910–9914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Z.-X., D. Ginsberg, M. Ewen, and J. Livingston 1996. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related protein p107 by G1 cyclin-associated kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4633–4637.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiong, Y., G. J. Hannon, H. Zhang, D. Casso, R. Kobayashi, and J. Beach 1993. p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366:701–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, B. S., J. D. Gilbert, and J. Freytag 1993. Overexpression of Myc suppresses CCAAT transcription factor/nuclear factor 1-dependent promoters in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3093–3102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar