89
Views
172
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gene Expression

SMG-2 Is a Phosphorylated Protein Required for mRNA Surveillance in Caenorhabditis elegans and Related to Upf1p of Yeast

, , , &
Pages 5943-5951 | Received 05 Oct 1998, Accepted 25 May 1999, Published online: 27 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Altamura, N., O. Groudinsky, G. Dujardin, and J. Slonimski 1992. NAM7 nuclear gene encodes a novel member of a family of helicases with a Zn-ligand motif and is involved in mitochondrial functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Mol. Biol. 224:575–587.
  • Anders, K., and P. Anderson. Unpublished observations.
  • Anderson, C. W., and J. Lees-Miller 1992. The nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase DNA-PK. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expression 2:283–314.
  • Anderson, J. S. J., and J. Parker 1998. The 3′ to 5′ degradation of yeast mRNAs is a general mechanism for mRNA turnover that requires the SKI2 DEVH box protein and 3′ to 5′ exonucleases of the exosome complex. EMBO J. 17:1497–1506.
  • Anderson, P. 1995. Mutagenesis. Methods Cell Biol. 48:31–58.
  • Applequist, S. E., M. Selg, C. Raman, and J. Jack 1997. Cloning and characterization of HUPF1, a human homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nonsense mRNA-reducing UPF1 protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:814–821.
  • Atkin, A. L., L. R. Schenkman, M. Eastham, J. N. Dahlseid, M. J. Lelivelt, and J. Culbertson 1997. Relationship between yeast polyribosomes and upf proteins required for nonsense mRNA decay. J. Biol. Chem. 272:22163–22172.
  • Baldwin, A. S. Jr.. 1996. The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:649–683.
  • Bannister, A. J., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Kouzarides, and J. Jackson 1993. c-Jun is phosphorylated by the DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro; definition of the minimal kinase recognition motif. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1289–1295.
  • Barnes, T. M., and J. Hodgkin 1996. The tra-3 sex determination gene of Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a member of the calpain regulatory protease family. EMBO J. 15:4477–4484.
  • Barstead, R. J., and J. Waterston 1989. The basal component of the nematode dense body is vinculin. J. Biol. Chem. 264:10177–10185.
  • Baskaran, R., L. D. Wood, L. L. Whitaker, C. E. Canman, S. E. Morgan, Y. Xu, C. Barlow, D. Baltimore, A. Wynshaw-Boris, M. B. Kastan, and J. Wang 1997. Ataxia telangiectasia mutant protein activates c-Abl tyrosine kinase in response to ionizing radiation. Nature 387:516–519.
  • Beelman, C. A., A. Stevens, G. Caponigro, T. E. LaGrandeur, L. Hatfield, D. M. Fortner, and J. Parker 1996. An essential component of the decapping enzyme required for normal rates of mRNA turnover. Nature 382:642–646.
  • Belgrader, P., J. Cheng, and J. Maquat 1993. Evidence to implicate translation by ribosomes in the mechanism by which nonsense codons reduce the nuclear level of human triosephosphate isomerase mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:482–486.
  • Bossemeyer, D. 1994. The glycine-rich sequence of protein kinases: a multifunctional element. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:201–205.
  • Buelt, M. K., B. J. Glidden, and J. Storm 1994. Regulation of p68 RNA helicase by calmodulin and protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 269:29367–29370.
  • Cali, B. M., S. L. Kuchma, J. Latham, and J. Anderson 1998. smg-7 is required for mRNA surveillance in C. elegans. Genetics 151:605–616.
  • Caponigro, G., and J. Parker 1996. Mechanisms and control of mRNA turnover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Rev. 60:233–249.
  • Carter, M. S., S. Li, and J. Wilkinson 1996. A splicing-dependent regulatory mechanism that detects translation signals. EMBO J. 15:5965–5975.
  • Chen, C. Y., and J. Shyu 1995. AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:465–470.
  • Collins, J., B. Saari, and J. Anderson 1987. Activation of a transposable element in the germ line but not the soma of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 328:726–728.
  • Cui, Y., K. W. Hagan, S. Zhang, and J. Peltz 1995. Identification and characterization of genes that are required for the accelerated degradation of mRNAs containing a premature translational termination codon. Genes Dev. 9:423–436.
  • Czaplinski, K., M. J. Ruiz-Echevarria, S. V. Paushkin, X. Han, Y. Weng, H. A. Perlick, H. C. Dietz, M. D. Ter-Avanesyan, and J. Peltz 1998. The surveillance complex interacts with the translation release factors to enhance termination and degrade aberrant mRNAs. Genes Dev. 12:1665–1677.
  • Czaplinski, K., Y. Weng, K. W. Hagan, and J. Peltz 1995. Purification and characterization of the Upf1 protein: a factor involved in translation and mRNA degradation. RNA 1:610–623.
  • Decker, C. J., and J. Parker 1993. A turnover pathway for both stable and unstable mRNAs in yeast: evidence for a requirement for deadenylation. Genes Dev. 7:1632–1643.
  • Giffin, W., J. Kwast-Welfeld, D. J. Rodda, G. G. Prefontaine, M. Traykova-Andonova, Y. Zhang, N. L. Weigel, Y. A. Lefebvre, and J. Hache 1997. Sequence-specific DNA binding and transcription factor phosphorylation by Ku autoantigen/DNA-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of Ser-527 of the rat glucocorticoid receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 272:5647–5658.
  • Hagan, K. W., M. J. Ruiz-Echevarria, Y. Quan, and J. Peltz 1995. Characterization of cis-acting sequences and decay intermediates involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:809–823.
  • He, F., A. H. Brown, and J. Jacobson 1997. Upf1p, Nmd2p, and Upf3p are interacting components of the yeast nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1580–1594.
  • He, F., and J. Jacobson 1995. Identification of a novel component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway by use of an interacting protein screen. Genes Dev. 9:437–454.
  • Hentze, M. W., and J. Kuhn 1996. Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8175–8182.
  • Hentze, M. W., and J. Kulozik 1999. A perfect message: RNA surveillance and nonsense-mediated decay. Cell 96:307–310.
  • Hodgkin, J., A. Papp, R. Pulak, V. Ambros, and J. Anderson 1989. A new kind of informational suppression in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 123:301–313.
  • Hoffmann, A., and J. Roeder 1991. Purification of his-tagged proteins in non-denaturing conditions suggests a convenient method for protein interaction studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6337–6338.
  • Hsu, C. L., and J. Stevens 1993. Yeast cells lacking 5′→3′ exoribonuclease 1 contain mRNA species that are poly(A) deficient and partially lack the 5′ cap structure. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4826–4835.
  • Jackson, R. J., and J. Wickens 1997. Translational controls impinging on the 5′-untranslated region and initiation factor proteins. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:233–241.
  • Jacobson, A., and J. Peltz 1996. Interrelationships of the pathways of mRNA decay and translation in eukaryotic cells. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65:693–739.
  • Johnston, M., and J. Davis 1984. Sequences that regulate the divergent GAL1-GAL10 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1440–1448.
  • Koonin, E. V. 1992. A new group of putative RNA helicases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:495–497.
  • Kramer, J. M., R. P. French, E. Park, and J. Johnson 1990. The Caenorhabditis elegans rol-6 gene, which interacts with the sqt-1 collagen gene to determine organismal morphology, encodes a collagen. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:2081–2089.
  • Krause, M., and J. Hirsh 1987. A trans-spliced leader sequence on actin mRNA in C. elegans. Cell 49:753–761.
  • Kuwabara, P. E., P. G. Okkema, and J. Kimble 1992. tra-2 encodes a membrane protein and may mediate cell communication in the Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination pathway. Mol. Biol. Cell 3:461–473.
  • Lee, B. S., and J. Culbertson 1995. Identification of an additional gene required for eukaryotic nonsense mRNA turnover. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10354–10358.
  • Leeds, P., S. W. Peltz, A. Jacobson, and J. Culbertson 1991. The product of the yeast UPF1 gene is required for rapid turnover of mRNAs containing a premature translational termination codon. Genes Dev. 5:2303–2314.
  • Leeds, P., J. M. Wood, B. S. Lee, and J. Culbertson 1992. Gene products that promote mRNA turnover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2165–2177.
  • Li, S., and J. Wilkinson 1998. Nonsense surveillance in lymphocytes? Immunity 8:135–141.
  • Liu, Q., and J. Summers 1988. Site-directed mutagenesis of a nucleotide-binding domain in HSV-1 thymidine kinase: effects on catalytic activity. Virology 163:638–642.
  • Maquat, L. E. 1995. When cells stop making sense: effects of nonsense codons on RNA metabolism in vertebrate cells. RNA 1:453–465.
  • Mello, C., A. Fire 1995. DNA transformation, p. 451–482. In H. F. Epstein, D. C. Shakes (ed.), Caenorhabditis elegans: modern biological analysis of an organism. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
  • Miller, D. M., and J. Shakes 1995. Immunofluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol. 48:365–394.
  • Morrison, M., K. S. Harris, and J. Roth 1997. smg mutants affect the expression of alternatively spliced SR protein mRNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9782–9785.
  • Muhlrad, D., C. J. Decker, and J. Parker 1994. Deadenylation of the unstable mRNA encoded by the yeast MFA2 gene leads to decapping followed by 5′→3′ digestion of the transcript. Genes Dev. 8:855–866.
  • Muhlrad, D., C. J. Decker, and J. Parker 1995. Turnover mechanisms of the stable yeast PGK1 mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2145–2156.
  • Muhlrad, D., and J. Parker 1994. Premature translational termination triggers mRNA decapping. Nature 370:578–581.
  • Niu, H., H. Erdjument-Bromage, Z. Q. Pan, S. H. Lee, P. Tempst, and J. Hurwitz 1997. Mapping of amino acid residues in the p34 subunit of human single-stranded DNA-binding protein phosphorylated by DNA-dependent protein kinase and Cdc2 kinase in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 272:12634–12641.
  • O’Connor, S. L., and P. Anderson. Unpublished observations.
  • Parsonage, D., S. Wilke-Mounts, and J. Senior 1988. E. coli F1-ATPase: site-directed mutagenesis of the beta-subunit. FEBS Lett. 232:111–114.
  • Perlick, H. A., S. M. Medghalchi, F. A. Spencer, R. J. Kendzior Jr., and J. Dietz 1996. Mammalian orthologues of a yeast regulator of nonsense transcript stability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10928–10932.
  • Pulak, R., and J. Anderson 1993. mRNA surveillance by the C. elegans smg genes. Genes Dev. 7:1885–1897.
  • Ross, J. 1995. mRNA stability in mammalian cells. Microbiol. Rev. 59:423–450.
  • Rougvie, A. E., and J. Ambros 1995. The heterochronic gene lin-29 encodes a zinc finger protein that controls a terminal differentiation event in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 121:2491–2500.
  • Ruiz-Echevarria, M. J., K. Czaplinski, and J. Peltz 1996. Making sense of nonsense in yeast. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:433–438.
  • Ruiz-Echevarria, M. J., C. I. Gonzalez, and J. Peltz 1998. Identifying the right stop: determining how the surveillance complex recognizes and degrades an aberrant mRNA. EMBO J. 17:575–589.
  • Saraste, M., P. R. Sibbald, and J. Wittinghofer 1990. The P-loop—a common motif in ATP- and GTP-binding proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:430–434.
  • Shafman, T., K. K. Khanna, P. Kedar, K. Spring, S. Kozlov, T. Yen, K. Hobson, M. Gatei, N. Zhang, D. Watters, M. Egerton, Y. Shiloh, S. Kharbanda, D. Kufe, and J. Lavin 1997. Interaction between ATM protein and c-Abl in response to DNA damage. Nature 387:520–523.
  • Shen, H., B. Yao, and J. Mueller 1994. Primary structural constraints of P-loop of mitochondrial F1-ATPase from yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9424–9428.
  • Sun, X., H. A. Perlick, H. C. Dietz, and J. Maquat 1998. A mutated human homologue to yeast Upf1 protein has a dominant-negative effect on the decay of nonsense-containing mRNAs in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:10009–10014.
  • Thermann, R., G. Neu-Yilik, A. Deters, U. Frede, K. Wehr, C. Hagemeier, M. W. Hentze, and J. Kulozik 1998. Binary specification of nonsense codons by splicing and cytoplasmic translation. EMBO J. 17:3484–3494.
  • Tuteja, N., N. W. Huang, D. Skopac, R. Tuteja, S. Hrvatic, J. Zhang, S. Pongor, G. Joseph, C. Faucher, F. Amalric, and J. Falaschi 1995. Human DNA helicase IV is nucleolin, an RNA helicase modulated by phosphorylation. Gene 160:143–148.
  • Verma, R., R. S. Annan, M. J. Huddleston, S. A. Carr, G. Reynard, and J. Deshaies 1997. Phosphorylation of Sic1p by G1 Cdk required for its degradation and entry into S phase. Science 278:455–460.
  • Waterston, R., and J. Sulston 1995. The genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10836–10840.
  • Weng, Y., K. Czaplinski, and J. Peltz 1996. Genetic and biochemical characterization of mutations in the ATPase and helicase regions of the Upf1 protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:5477–5490.
  • Weng, Y., K. Czaplinski, and J. Peltz 1996. Identification and characterization of mutations in the UPF1 gene that affect nonsense suppression and the formation of the Upf protein complex but not mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:5491–5506.
  • Wickens, M. 1990. In the beginning is the end: regulation of poly(A) addition and removal during early development. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15:320–324.
  • Williams, J. A., J. A. Langeland, B. S. Thalley, J. B. Skeath, and J. Carroll 1995. Expression of foreign proteins in E. coli using plasmid vectors and purification of specific polyclonal antibodies, p. 15–58 In B. D. Hames, D. Glover (ed.), DNA cloning: a practical approach, vol II. Expression systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
  • Yoneya, T., M. Tagaya, F. Kishi, A. Nakazawa, and J. Fukui 1989. Site-directed mutagenesis of Gly-15 and Gly-20 in the glycine-rich region of adenylate kinase. J. Biochem. 105:158–160.
  • Yoshizawa, S., R. Matsushima, M. F. Watanabe, K. Harada, A. Ichihara, W. W. Carmichael, and J. Fujiki 1990. Inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with hepatotoxicity. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 116:609–614.
  • Zhang, J., X. Sun, Y. Qian, J. P. LaDuca, and J. Maquat 1998. At least one intron is required for the nonsense-mediated decay of triosephosphate isomerase mRNA: a possible link between nuclear splicing and cytoplasmic translation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5272–5283.
  • Zhang, J., X. Sun, Y. Qian, and J. Maquat 1998. Intron function in the nonsense-mediated decay of beta-globin mRNA: indications that pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus can influence mRNA translation in the cytoplasm. RNA 4:801–815.
  • Zhang, S., M. J. Ruiz-Echevarria, Y. Quan, and J. Peltz 1995. Identification and characterization of a sequence motif involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2231–2244.
  • Zhang, S., E. M. Welch, K. Hogan, A. H. Brown, S. W. Peltz, and J. Jacobson 1997. Polysome-associated mRNAs are substrates for the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA 3:234–244.
  • Zhuo, S., J. C. Clemens, D. J. Hakes, D. Barford, and J. Dixon 1993. Expression, purification, crystallization, and biochemical characterization of a recombinant protein phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 268:17754–17761.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.