REFERENCES
- Akimoto, K., R. Takahashi, S. Moriya, N. Nishioka, J. Takayanagi, K. Kimura, Y. Fukui, S. Osada, K. Mizuno, S.-I. Hirai, A. Kazlauskas, and J. Ohno 1996. EGF or PDGF receptors activate atypical PKCλ through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. EMBO J. 15:788–798.
- Alessi, D. R., F. B. Caudwell, M. Andjelkovic, B. A. Hemmings, and J. Cohen 1996. Molecular basis for the substrate specificity of protein kinase B; comparison with MAPKAP kinase-1 and p70 S6 kinase. FEBS Lett. 399:333–338.
- Andersen, C. B., R. A. Roth, and J. Conti 1998. Protein kinase B/Akt induces resumption of meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:18705–18708.
- Andjelkovic, M., D. R. Alessi, R. Meier, A. Fernandez, N. J. Lamb, M. Frech, P. Cron, P. Cohen, J. M. Lucocq, and J. Hemmings 1997. Role of translocation in the activation and function of protein kinase B. J. Biol. Chem. 272:31515–31524.
- Barbieri, M. A., A. D. Kohn, R. A. Roth, and J. Stahl 1998. Protein kinase B/Akt and Rab5 mediate Ras activation of endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 273:19367–19370.
- Beavo, J. A., M. Conti, and J. Heaslip 1994. Multiple cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Mol. Pharmacol. 46:399–405.
- Burgering, B. M. T., and J. Coffer 1995. Protein-kinase-B (c-AKT) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal-transduction. Nature 376:599–602.
- Butcher, R. W., J. G. T. Sneyd, C. R. Park, and J. Sutherland 1966. Effects of insulin on adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in the rat epididymal fat pad. J. Biol. Chem. 241:1651–1653.
- Coffer, P. J., J. Jin, and J. Woodgett 1998. Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Biochem. J. 335:1–13.
- Cohen, P. 1982. The role of protein phosphorylation in neural and hormonal control of cellular activity. Nature 296:613–620.
- Cross, D. A. E., D. R. Alessi, P. Cohen, M. Andjelkovich, and J. Hemmings 1995. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 378:785–789.
- Datta, S. R., H. Dudek, X. Tao, S. Masters, H. Fu, Y. Gotoh, and J. Greenberg 1997. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 91:231–241.
- Degerman, E., C. J. Smith, H. Tornqvist, V. Vasta, P. Belfrage, and J. Manganiello 1990. Evidence that insulin and isoprenaline activate the cGMP-inhibited low-Km cAMP phosphodiesterase in rat fat cells by phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:533–537.
- Degerman, E., P. Belhrage, and J. Manganiello 1997. Structure, localization, and regulation of cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE3B). J. Biol. Chem. 272:6823–6826.
- del Peso, L., M. Gonzalez-Garcia, C. Page, R. Herrera, and J. Nunez 1997. Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt. Science 278:687–689.
- Deprez, J., D. Vertommen, D. R. Alessi, L. Hue, and J. Rider 1997. Phosphorylation and activation of heart 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase by protein kinase B and other protein kinases of the insulin signaling cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 272:17269–17275.
- Dimmeler, S., B. Assmus, C. Hermann, J. Haendeler, and J. Zeiher 1998. Fluid shear stress stimulates phosphorylation of Akt in human endothelial cells—involvement in suppression of apoptosis. Circ. Res. 83:334–341.
- Eriksson, H., M. Ridderstrale, E. Degerman, D. Ekholm, C. J. Smith, V. C. Manganiello, P. Belfrage, and J. Tornqvist 1995. Evidence for the key role of the adipocyte cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase in the antilipolytic action of insulin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1266:101–107.
- Franke, T. F., S. I. Yang, T. O. Chan, K. Datta, A. Kazluskas, D. K. Morrison, D. R. Kaplan, and J. Tsichlis 1995. The protein kinase encoded by the AKT protooncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81:727–736.
- Gingras, A. C., S. G. Kennedy, M. A. O’Leary, N. Sonenberg, and J. Hay 1998. 4E-BP1, a repressor of mRNA translation, is phosphorylated and inactivated by the Akt (PKB) signaling pathway. Genes Dev. 12:502–513.
- Hemmings, B. A. 1997. Akt signaling: linking membrane events to life and death decisions. Science 275:628–630.
- Hiles, I. D., M. Otsu, S. Volinia, M. J. Fry, I. Gout, R. Dhand, G. Panayotou, F. Ruiz-Larrea, A. Thompson, N. F. Totty, J. J. Hsuan, S. A. Courtneidge, P. Parker, and J. Waterfield 1992. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: structure and expression of the 110 kD catalytic subunit. Cell 70:419–429.
- Kitamura, T., W. Ogawa, H. Sakaue, Y. Hino, S. Kuroda, M. Takata, M. Matsumoto, T. Maeda, H. Konishi, U. Kikkawa, and J. Kasuga 1998. Requirement for activation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt (protein kinase B) in insulin stimulation of protein synthesis but not of glucose transport. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:3708–3717.
- Kohn, A. D., K. S. Kovacina, and J. Roth 1995. Insulin stimulates the kinase-activity of RAC-PK, a pleckstrin homology domain-containing Ser/Thr kinase. EMBO J. 14:4288–4295.
- Kohn, A. D., S. A. Summers, M. J. Birnbaum, and J. Roth 1996. Expression of constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:31372–31378.
- Konishi, H., T. Shinomura, S.-I. Kuroda, Y. Ono, and J. Kikkawa 1994. Molecular cloning of rat RAC protein kinase α and β and their association with protein kinase Cζ. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205:817–825.
- Konishi, H., H. Matsuzaki, M. Tanaka, Y. Ono, C. Tokunaga, S. Kuroda, and J. Kikkawa 1996. Activation of RAC-protein kinase by heat shock and hyperosmolarity stress through a pathway independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7639–7643.
- Kono, T., and J. Barham 1973. Effects of insulin on the levels of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate and lipolysis in isolated rat epididymal fat cells. J. Biol. Chem. 248:7417–7426.
- Kotani, K., W. Ogawa, M. Matsumoto, T. Kitamura, H. Sakaue, Y. Hino, K. Miyake, W. Sano, K. Akimoto, S. Ohno, and J. Kasuga 1998. Requirement of atypical PKCλ for insulin stimulation of glucose uptake but not for Akt activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:6971–6982.
- Manganiello, V. C., T. Murata, M. Taira, P. Belfrage, and J. Degerman 1995. Diversity in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzyme families. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 322:1–13.
- Miki, T., M. Taira, S. Hockman, F. Shimada, J. Lieman, M. Napolitano, D. Ward, M. Taira, H. Makino, and J. Manganiello 1996. Characterization of the cDNA and gene encoding human PDE3B, the cGIP1 isoform of the human cyclic GMP-inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. Genomics 36:476–485.
- Miyake, S., M. Makimura, Y. Kanegae, S. Harada, Y. Sato, K. Takamori, C. Tokuda, and J. Saito 1996. Efficient generation of recombinant adenoviruses using adenovirus DNA terminal protein complex and a cosmid bearing the full length virus genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1320–1324.
- Moule, S. K., G. I. Welsh, N. J. Edgell, E. J. Foulstone, C. G. Proud, and J. Denton 1997. Regulation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin and beta-adrenergic agonists in rat epididymal fat cells. Activation of protein kinase B by wortmannin-sensitive and -insensitive mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 272:7713–7719.
- Murga, C., L. Laguinge, R. Wetzker, A. Cuadrado, and J. Gutkind 1998. Activation of Akt/protein kinase B by G protein-coupled receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 273:19080–19085.
- Rahn, T., M. Ridderstrale, H. Tornqvist, V. C. Manganiello, G. Fredrikson, P. Belfrage, and J. Degerman 1994. Essential role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in insulin-induced activation and phosphorylation of the cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase in rat adipocytes. Studies using the selective inhibitor wortmannin. FEBS Lett. 350:314–318.
- Rahn, T., L. Ronnstrand, M. J. Leroy, C. Wernstedt, H. Tornqvist, V. C. Manganiello, P. Belfrage, and J. Degerman 1996. Identification of the site in the cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase phosphorylated in adipocytes in response to insulin and isoproterenol. J. Biol. Chem. 271:11575–11580.
- Remme, W. J. 1993. Inodilator therapy for heart failure. Early, late, or not at all? Circulation 87 (Suppl. 5):IV97–IV107.
- Sable, C. L., N. Filippa, B. Hemmings, and J. Van Obberghen 1997. cAMP stimulates protein kinase B in a wortmannin-insensitive manner. FEBS Lett. 409:253–257.
- Sakaue, H., W. Ogawa, M. Takata, S. Kuroda, K. Kotani, M. Matsumoto, M. Sakaue, S. Nishio, H. Ueno, and J. Kasuga 1997. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase is required for insulin-induced but not for growth hormone- or hyperosmolarity-induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:1552–1562.
- Shepherd, P. R., D. J. Withers, and J. Siddle 1998. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase: the key switch mechanism in insulin signalling. Biochem. J. 333:471–490.
- Shibata, H., F. R. Robinson, T. R. Soderling, and J. Kono 1991. Effects of okadaic acid on insulin-sensitive cAMP phosphodiesterase in rat adipocytes. Evidence that insulin may stimulate enzyme by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 266:17948–17953.
- Summers, S. A., L. Lipfert, and J. Birnbaum 1998. Polyoma middle T antigen activates the Ser/Thr kinase Akt in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246:76–81.
- Taira, M., S. C. Hockman, J. C. Calvo, M. Taira, P. Belfrage, and J. Manganiello 1993. Molecular cloning of the rat adipocyte hormone-sensitive cyclic GMP-inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. J. Biol. Chem. 268:18573–18579.
- Takata, M., W. Ogawa, T. Kitamura, Y. Hino, S. Kuroda, K. Kotani, A. Klip, A.-C. Gingras, N. Sonenberg, and J. Kasuga 1999. Requirement for Akt (protein kinase B) in insulin-induced activation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (PHAS-1). J. Biol. Chem. 274:20611–20618.
- Ueki, K., R. Yamamoto-Hond, Y. Kaburagi, T. Yamauchi, K. Tobe, B. M. T. Burgering, P. J. Coffer, I. Komuro, Y. Akanuma, Y. Yazaki, and J. Kadowaki 1998. Potential role of protein kinase B in insulin-induced glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, and protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 273:5315–5322.
- van Weeren, P. C., K. M. de Bruyn, A. M. de Vries-Smits, J. van Lint, and J. Burgering 1998. Essential role for protein kinase B (PKB) in insulin-induced glycogen synthase kinase 3 inactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:13150–13156.
- Wijkander, J., T. R. Landstrom, V. Manganiello, P. Belfrage, and J. Degerman 1998. Insulin-induced phosphorylation and activation of phosphodiesterase 3B in rat adipocytes: possible role for protein kinase B but not mitogen-activated protein kinase or p70 S6 kinase. Endocrinology 139:219–227.
- Zhao, A. Z., K. E. Bornfeldt, and J. Beavo 1998. Leptin inhibits insulin secretion by activation of phosphodiesterase 3B. J. Clin. Investig. 102:869–873.