Role of the Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Complex and Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Synergistic Activation of the Glycoprotein Hormone α Subunit Gene by Epidermal Growth Factor and Forskolin

REFERENCES

• Ahn, S., Olive, M., Aggarwal, S., Krylov, D., Ginty, D. D., and Vinson, C.. 1998. A dominant-negative inhibitor of CREB reveals that it is a general mediator of stimulus-dependent transcriptional of c-fos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:967–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanese, C., Kay, T. W., Troccoli, N. M., and Jameson, J. L.. 1991. Novel cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate response element in the human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:693–702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amemiya, K., Kurachi, H., Adachi, H., Morishige, K. I., Adachi, K., Imai, T., and Miyake, A.. 1994. Involvement of epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGF receptor autocrine and paracrine mechanism in human trophoblast cells: functional differentiation in vitro. J. Endocrinol. 143:291–301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, B., Kennedy, G. C., and Nilson, J. H.. 1990. A cis-acting element located between the cAMP response elements and CCAAT box augments cell-specific expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit gene. J. Biol. Chem. 265:21874–21880
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, B., Milsted, A., Kennedy, G., and Nilson, J. H.. 1988. Cyclic AMP and phorbol esters interact synergistically to regulate expression of the chorionic gonadotropin genes. J. Biol. Chem. 263:15578–15583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, D. D., Weinberg, C. R., Wilcox, A. J., McConnaughey, D. R., Musey, P. I., and Collins, D. C.. 1991. Hormonal profiles of natural conception cycles ending in early, unrecognized pregnancy loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72:793–800
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baird, D. D., Wilcox, A. J., Weinberg, C. R., Kamel, F., McConnaughey, D. R., Musey, P. I., and Collins, D. C.. 1997. Preimplantation hormonal differences between the conception and nonconception menstrual cycles of 32 normal women. Hum. Reprod. 12:2607–2613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnea, E. R., Feldman, D., Kaplan, M., and Morrish, D. W.. 1990. The dual effect of epidermal growth factor upon human chorionic gonadotropin secretion by the first trimester placenta in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71:923–928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnhart, K. M., and Mellon, P. L.. 1994. The orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1, regulates the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene in pituitary gonadotropes. Mol. Endocrinol. 8:878–885
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bokar, J. A., Keri, R. A., Farmerie, T. A., Fenstermaker, R. A., Andersen, B., Hamernik, D. L., Yun, J., Wagner, T., and Nilson, J. H.. 1989. Expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene in the placenta requires a functional cyclic AMP response element, whereas a different cis-acting element mediates pituitary-specific expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5113–5122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bokar, J. A., Roesler, W. J., Vandenbark, G. R., Kaetzel, D. M., Hanson, R. W., and Nilson, J. H.. 1988. Characterization of the cAMP responsive elements from the genes for the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). Conserved features of nuclear protein binding between tissues and species. J. Biol. Chem. 263:19740–19747
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budworth, P. R., Quinn, P. G., and Nilson, J. H.. 1997. Multiple characteristics of a pentameric regulatory array endow the human α-subunit glycoprotein hormone promoter with trophoblast specificity and maximal activity. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:1669–1680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burrin, J. M., and Jameson, J. L.. 1989. Regulation of transfected glycoprotein hormone alpha-gene expression in primary pituitary cell cultures. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:1643–1651
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao, H., Lei, Z. M., and Rao, C. V.. 1994. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in epidermal growth factor regulation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) subunits and hCG receptor gene expression in human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 135:962–970
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, T., Cho, R. W., Stork, P. J., and Weber, M. J.. 1999. Elevation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate potentiates activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by growth factors in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 59:213–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb, M. H.. 1999. MAP kinase pathways. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 71:479–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenda, A., Rouse, J., Doza, Y. N., Meier, R., Cohen, P., Gallagher, T. F., Young, P. R., and Lee, J. C.. 1995. SB203580 is a specific inhibitor of the MAP kinase homologue which is stimulated by cellular stress and interleukin-1. FEBS Lett. 362:229–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dakour, J., Li, H., Chen, H., and Morrish, D. W.. 1999. EGF promotes development of a differentiated trophoblast phenotype having c-myc and junB proto-oncogene activation. Placenta 20:119–126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delegeane, A. M., Ferland, L. H., and Mellon, P. L.. 1987. Tissue-specific enhancer of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene: dependence on cyclic AMP-inducible elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3994–4002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derijard, B., Hibi, M., Wu, I. H., Barrett, T., Su, B., Deng, T., Karin, M., and Davis, R. J.. 1994. JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell 76:1025–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, P. J., Hoeffler, J. P., Jameson, J. L., and Habener, J. F.. 1988. Cyclic AMP and phorbol ester-stimulated transcription mediated by similar DNA elements that bind distinct proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7922–7926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, P. J., Jameson, J. L., and Habener, J. F.. 1987. Cyclic AMP responsiveness of human gonadotropin-alpha gene transcription is directed by a repeated 18-base pair enhancer. Alpha-promoter receptivity to the enhancer confers cell-preferential expression. J. Biol. Chem. 262:12169–12174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• deWet, J. R., Wood, K. V., DeLuca, M., Helinski, D. R., and Subramani, S.. 1987. Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:725–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens, M., Rogers, J. S., Cavanagh, J., Raitano, A., Xia, Z., Halpern, J. R., Greenberg, M. E., Sawyers, C. L., and Davis, R. J.. 1997. A cytoplasmic inhibitor of the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 277:693–696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drust, D. S., Troccoli, N. M., and Jameson, J. L.. 1991. Binding specificity of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-responsive element (CRE)-binding proteins and activating transcription factors to naturally occurring CRE sequence variants. Mol. Endocrinol. 5:1541–1551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenstermaker, R. A., Farmerie, T. A., Clay, C. M., Hamernik, D. L., and Nilson, J. H.. 1990. Different combinations of regulatory elements may account for expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene in primate and horse placenta. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1480–1487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• France, J. T., Keelan, J., Song, L., Liddell, H., Zanderigo, A., and Knox, B.. 1996. Serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin and immunoreactive inhibin in early pregnancy and recurrent miscarriage: a longitudinal study. Aust. N.Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 36:325–330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman, P. S., Tran, V. K., and Goodman, R. H.. 1997. The multifunctional role of the co-activator CBP in transcriptional regulation. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 52:103–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutkind, J. S.. 1998. Cell growth control by G protein-coupled receptors: from signal transduction to signal integration. Oncogene 17:1331–1342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutkind, J. S.. 1998. The pathways connecting G protein-coupled receptors to the nucleus through divergent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1839–1842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, A., Kurosaki, M., Gotoh, N., Shibuyi, M., and Kurosaki, T.. 1999. Shc regulates epidermal growth factor-induced activation of the JNK signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274:20139–20143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckert, L. L., Schultz, K., and Nilson, J. H.. 1995. Different composite regulatory elements direct expression of the human α subunit gene to pituitary and placenta. J. Biol. Chem. 270:26497–26504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckert, L. L., Schultz, K., and Nilson, J. H.. 1996. The cAMP response elements of the α subunit gene bind similar proteins in trophoblasts and gonadotropes but have distinct functional sequence requirements. J. Biol. Chem. 271:31650–31656
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill, C. S., and Treisman, R.. 1995. Transcriptional regulation by extracellular signals: mechanisms and specificity. Cell 80:199–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeffler, J. P., Meyer, T. E., Yun, Y., Jameson, J. L., and Habener, J. F.. 1988. Cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein: structure based on a cloned placental cDNA. Science 242:1430–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, F., Windle, J. J., Barnhart, K. M., and Mellon, P. L.. 1992. Tissue-specific gene expression in the pituitary: the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene is regulated by a gonadotrope-specific protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2143–2153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilekis, J., and Benveniste, R.. 1985. Effects of epidermal growth factor, phorbol myristate acetate, and arachidonic acid on choriogonadotropin secretion by cultured human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 116:2400–2409
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jameson, J. L., Albanese, C., and Habener, J. F.. 1989. Distinct adjacent protein-binding domains in the glycoprotein hormone alpha gene interact independently with a cAMP-responsive enhancer. J. Biol. Chem. 264:16190–16196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karin, M.. 1995. The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16483–16486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, G. C., Andersen, B., and Nilson, J. H.. 1990. The human alpha subunit glycoprotein hormone gene utilizes a unique CCAAT binding factor. J. Biol. Chem. 265:6279–6285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khokhlatchev, A. V., Canagarajah, B., Wilsbacher, J., Robinson, M., Atkinson, M., Goldsmith, E., and Cobb, M. H.. 1998. Phosphorylation of the MAP kinase ERK2 promotes its homodimerization and nuclear translocation. Cell 93:605–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratzer, P. G., and Taylor, R. N.. 1990. Corpus luteum function in early pregnancies is primarily determined by the rate of change of human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163:1497–1502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumahara, E., Ebihara, T., and Steffen, D.. 1999. Nerve growth factor induces zif268 gene expression via MAPK-dependent and independent pathways in PC12D cells. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 125:541–553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lange, C. A., Richer, J. K., and Horwitz, K. B.. 1999. Hypothesis: progesterone primes breast cancer cells for cross-talk with proliferative and antiproliferative signals. Mol. Endocrinol. 13:829–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, C. A., Richer, J. K., Shen, T., and Horwitz, K. B.. 1998. Convergence of progesterone and epidermal growth factor signaling in breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 273:31308–31316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiberman, M. D., Paty, P., Li, X. K., Naama, H., Evoy, D., and Daly, J. M.. 1996. Elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibits the epidermal growth factor signal transduction pathway and cellular growth in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. Surgery 120:354–359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, H. C., Pyrgiotis, E., Davis, O., and Rosenwaks, Z.. 1995. Active corpus luteum function at pre-, peri- and postimplantation is essential for a viable pregnancy. Early Pregnancy 1:281–287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y., Chrivia, J. C., and Latchman, D. S.. 1998. Nerve growth factor up-regulates the transcriptional activity of CBP through activation of the p42/p44MAPK cascade. J. Biol. Chem. 273:32400–32407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marais, R., Wynne, J., and Treisman, R.. 1993. The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a growth factor-regulated transcriptional activation domain. Cell 73:381–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, C. J.. 1995. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80:179–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, K., Yamamoto, T., Kurachi, H., Nishio, Y., Takeda, T., Homma, H., Morishige, K. I., Miyake, A., and Murata, Y.. 1998. Human chorionic gonadotropin-α gene is transcriptionally activated by epidermal growth factor through cAMP response element in trophoblast cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273:7800–7806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milsted, A., Cox, R. P., and Nilson, J. H.. 1987. Cyclic AMP regulates transcription of the genes encoding human chorionic gonadotropin with different kinetics. DNA 6:213–219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minden, A., Lin, A., Claret, F. X., Abo, A., and Karin, M.. 1995. Selective activation of the JNK signaling cascade and c-Jun transcriptional activity by the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42Hs. Cell 81:1147–1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minden, A., Lin, A., Smeal, T., Derijard, B., Cobb, M., Davis, R., and Karin, M.. 1994. c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation correlates with activation of the JNK subgroup but not the ERK subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6683–6688
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrish, D. W., Bhardwaj, D., Dabbagh, L. K., Marusyk, H., and Siy, O.. 1987. Epidermal growth factor induces differentiation and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in normal human placenta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65:1282–1290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilson, J. H., Bokar, J. A., Clay, C. M., Farmerie, T. A., Fenstermaker, R. A., Hamernik, D. L., and Keri, R. A.. 1991. Different combinations of regulatory elements may explain why placenta-specific expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene occurs only in primates and horses. Biol. Reprod. 44:231–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestell, R. G., Hollenberg, A. N., Albanese, C., and Jameson, J. L.. 1994. c-jun represses transcription of the human chorionic gonadotropin α and β genes through distinct types of CREs. J. Biol. Chem. 269:31090–31096
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierce, J. G., and Parsons, T. F.. 1981. Glycoprotein hormones: structure and function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50:465–495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman, R. H., Clay, C. M., Farmerie, T. A., and Nilson, J. H.. 1994. Functional analysis of the placenta-specific enhancer of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit gene. Emergence of a new element. J. Biol. Chem. 269:19360–19368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pomerance, M., Multon, M. C., Parker, F., Venot, C., Blondeau, J. P., Tocque, B., and Schweighoffer, F.. 1998. Grb2 interaction with MEK-kinase 1 is involved in regulation of jun-kinase activities in response to epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 273:24301–24304
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price, M. A., Rogers, A. E., and Treisman, R.. 1995. Comparative analysis of the ternary complex factors Elk-1, SAP-1a and SAP-2 (ERP/NET). EMBO J. 14:2589–2601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz, T., Culig, Z., Eder, I. E., Nessler-Menardi, C., Bartsch, G., Grunicke, H., Uberall, F., and Klocker, H.. 1999. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor blockade inhibits the action of EGF, insulin-like growth factor I, and a protein kinase A activator on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 59:227–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritvos, O., Butzow, R., Jalkanen, J., Stenman, U. H., Huhtaniemi, I., and Ranta, T.. 1988. Differential regulation of hCG and progesterone secretion by cholera toxin and phorbol ester in human cytotrophoblasts. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 56:165–169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritvos, O., Jalkanen, J., Huhtaniemi, I., Stenman, U. H., Alfthan, H., and Ranta, T.. 1987. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate potentiates adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-mediated chorionic gonadotropin secretion by culture human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 120:1521–1526
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritvos, O., Jalkanen, J., Pekonen, F., Stenman, U. H., and Ranta, T.. 1988. Epidermal growth factor but not insulin-like growth factor-I potentiates adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-mediated chorionic gonadotropin secretion by cultured human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 123:859–865
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberson, M. S., Misra-Press, A., Laurance, M. E., Stork, P. J., and Maurer, R. A.. 1995. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating activation of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3531–3539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberson, M. S., Schoderbek, W. E., Tremml, G., and Maurer, R. A.. 1994. Activation of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter by a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2985–2993
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberson, M. S., Zhang, T., Li, H. L., and Mulvaney, J. M.. 1999. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 140:1310–1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. J., and Cobb, M. H.. 1997. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:180–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. J., Stippec, S. A., Goldsmith, E., White, M. A., and Cobb, M. H.. 1998. A constitutively active and nuclear form of the MAP kinase ERK2 is sufficient for neurite outgrowth and cell transformation. Curr. Biol. 8:1141–1150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoderbek, W. E., Kim, K. E., Ridgway, E. C., Mellon, P. L., and Maurer, R. A.. 1992. Analysis of DNA sequences required for pituitary-specific expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:893–903
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoderbek, W. E., Roberson, M. S., and Maurer, R. A.. 1993. Two different DNA elements mediate gonadotropin releasing hormone effects on expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene. J. Biol. Chem. 268:3903–3910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seternes, O. M., Sorensen, R., Johansen, B., Loennechen, T., Aarbakke, J., and Moens, U.. 1998. Synergistic increase in c-fos expression by simultaneous activation of the ras/raf/map kinase- and protein kinase A signaling is mediated by the c-fos AP-1 and SRE sites. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1395:345–360
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver, B. J., Bokar, J. A., Virgin, J. B., Vallen, E. A., Milsted, A., and Nilson, J. H.. 1987. Cyclic AMP regulation of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene is mediated by an 18-base-pair element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2198–2202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steger, D. J., Hecht, J. H., and Mellon, P. L.. 1994. GATA-binding proteins regulate the human gonadotropin alpha-subunit gene in the placenta and pituitary gland. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5592–5602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stepan, V. M., Dickinson, C. J., del Valle, J., Matsushima, M., and Todisco, A.. 1999. Cell-type specific requirement of the MAPK pathway for growth factor action of gastrin. Am. J. Physiol. 276:G1363–G1372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, P., Enslen, H., Myung, P. S., and Maurer, R. A.. 1994. Differential activation of CREB by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases type II and type IV involves phosphorylation of a site that negatively regulates activity. Genes Dev. 8:2527–2539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, P., and Maurer, R. A.. 1995. An inactivating point mutation demonstrates that interaction of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) with the CREB binding protein is not sufficient for transcriptional activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7041–7044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, P., Schoderbek, W. E., and Maurer, R. A.. 1992. Phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein isoforms by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1858–1866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traverse, S., Gomez, N., Paterson, H., Marshall, C., and Cohen, P.. 1992. Sustained activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade may be required for differentiation of PC12 cells. Comparison of the effects of nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Biochem. J. 288:351–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, R.. 1992. The serum response element. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:423–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, R.. 1994. Ternary complex factors: growth factor regulated transcriptional activators. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:96–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulrich, R. G., Cramer, C. T., Adams, L. A., and Kletzein, R. F.. 1998. Activation and glucagon regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) by insulin and epidermal growth factor in cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 16:77–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, J., Dent, P., Jelinek, T., Wolfman, A., Weber, M. J., and Sturgill, T. W.. 1993. Inhibition of the EGF-activated MAP kinase signaling pathway by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Science 262:1065–1069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga, N., Murayama, T., and Nomura, Y.. 1998. Death by a dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) and protection by EGF in GH3 cells. Brain Res. 794:137–142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar