Receptor Isoforms Mediate Opposing Proliferative Effects through Gβγ-Activated p38 or Akt Pathways

REFERENCES

• Alessi, D. R., and Cohen, P.. 1998. Mechanism of activation and function of protein kinase B. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8:55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berra, E., Municio, M. M., Sanz, L., Frutos, S., Diaz-Meco, M. T., and Moscat, J.. 1997. Positioning atypical protein kinase C isoforms in the UV-induced apoptotic signaling cascade. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:4346–4354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevini, T. A. L., Bianchi, R., and Motta, M.. 1993. Direct inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the growth of the human prostatic cancer cell line LNCaP: possible mechanism of action. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77:626–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet, A., Bonni, A., Zigmond, M. J., Lin, M. Z., Juo, P., Hu, L. S., Anderson, M. J., Arden, K. C., Blenis, J., and Greenberg, M. E.. 1999. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell 96:857–868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgering, B. M., and Coffer, P. J.. 1995. Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal transduction. Nature 376:599–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, M. M., and Blenis, J.. 1996. The 70 kDa S6 kinase complexes with and is activated by the Rho family G proteins Cdc42 and Rac1. Cell 85:573–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coso, O. A., Teramoto, H., Simonds, W. F., and Gutkind, J. S.. 1996. Signaling from G protein-coupled receptors to c-Jun kinase involves βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins acting on a Ras and Rac1-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3963–3966
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowley, S., Paterson, H., Kemp, P., and Marshall, C. J.. 1994. Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation. Cell 77:841–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cressman, D. E., Greenbaum, L. E., DeAngelis, R. A., Ciliberto, G., Furth, E. E., Poli, V., and Taub, R.. 1996. Liver failure and defective hepatocyte regeneration in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Science 274:1379–1383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenda, A., and Cohen, P.. 1999. Stress-activated protein kinase-2/p38 and a rapamycin-sensitive pathway are required for C2C12 myogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 274:4341–4346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta, S. R., Dudek, H., Tao, X., Masters, S., Fu, H., Gotoh, Y., and Greenberg, M. E.. 1997. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 91:231–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikic, I., Schlessinger, J., and Lax, I.. 1994. PC12 cells overexpressing the insulin receptor undergo insulin-dependent neuronal differentiation. Curr. Biol. 4:702–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikic, I., Tokiwa, G., Lev, S., Courtneidge, S. A., and Schlessinger, J.. 1996. A role for Pyk2 and Src in linking G protein-coupled receptors with MAP kinase activation. Nature 383:547–550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dudek, H., Datta, S. R., Franke, T. F., Birnbaum, M. J., Yao, R., Cooper, G. M., Segal, R. A., Kaplan, D. R., and Greenberg, M. E.. 1997. Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt. Science 275:661–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florio, T., Yao, H., Carey, K. D., Dillon, T. J., and Stork, P. J. S.. 1999. Somatostatin activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase via somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1). Mol. Endocrinol. 13:24–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, S., Campbell, D., Derijard, B., and Davis, R. J.. 1995. Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 267:389–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutkind, J. S.. 1998. The pathways connecting G protein-coupled receptors to the nucleus through divergent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1839–1842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip, Y. T., and Davis, R. J.. 1998. Signal transduction by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)—from inflammation to development. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10:205–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kachnic, L. A., Wu, B., Wunsch, H., Mekeel, K. L., DeFrank, J. S., Tang, W., and Powell, S. N.. 1999. The ability of p53 to activate downstream genes p21(WAF1/cip1) and MDM2, and cell cycle arrest following DNA damage is delayed and attenuated in scid cells deficient in the DNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 274:13111–13117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilpatrick, G. J., Dautzenberg, F. M., Martin, G. R., and Eglen, R. M.. 1999. 7TM receptors: the splicing on the cake. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20:294–301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klippel, A., Escobedo, M. A., Wachowicz, M. S., Apell, G., Brown, T. W., Giedlin, M. A., Kavanaugh, W. M., and Williams, L. T.. 1998. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is sufficient for cell cycle entry and promotes cellular changes characteristic of oncogenic transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5699–5711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozawa, O., Tokuda, H., Matsuno, H., and Uematsu, T.. 1999. Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in basic fibroblast growth factor-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 74:479–485
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakis, J. M., and Avruch, J.. 1996. Protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammatory cytokines. Bio Essays 18:567–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriakis, J. M., and Avruch, J.. 1996. Sounding the alarm: protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:24313–24316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langhans-Rajasekaran, S. A., Wan, Y., and Huang, X.-Y.. 1995. Activation of Tsk and Btk tyrosine kinases by G protein βγ subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8601–8605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Ilasaca, M., Crespo, P., Pellici, P. G., Gutkind, J. S., and Wetzker, R.. 1997. Linkage of G protein-coupled receptors to the MAPK signaling pathway through PI 3-kinaseγ. Science 275:394–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Ilasaca, M., Gutkind, J. S., and Wetzker, R.. 1998. Phosphoinositide 3-kinaseγ is a mediator of the Gβγ-dependent Jun kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:2505–2508
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luttrell, L. M., Della Rocca, G. J., van Biesen, T., Luttrell, D. K., and Lefkowitz, R. J.. 1997. Gβγ subunits mediate Src-dependent phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. A scaffold for G protein-coupled receptor-mediated Ras activation. J. Biol. Chem. 272:4637–4644
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macaulay, V. M., Smith, I. E., Everard, M. J., Teale, J. D., Reubi, J. C., and Millar, J. L.. 1991. Experimental and clinical studies with somatostatin analogue octreotide in small cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer 64:451–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, P.. 1999. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is required for fibroblast growth factor-2-stimulated cell proliferation but not differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:17491–17498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinissen, M. J., Chiariello, M., Pallante, M., and Gutkind, J. S.. 1999. A network of mitogen-activated protein kinases links G protein-coupled receptors to the c-jun promoter: a role for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, p38s, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:4289–4301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall, C. J.. 1995. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80:179–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neer, E. J.. 1995. Heterotrimeric G proteins: organisers of transmembrane signals. Cell 80:249–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, M. F., Paterson, H. F., and Marshall, C. J.. 1998. Signals from Ras and Rho GTPases interact to regulate expression of p21WAF1/Cip1. Nature 394:295–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagliacci, M. C., Tognellini, R., Grignani, F., and Nicoletti, I.. 1991. Inhibition of human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) growth in vitro by the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995: effects on cell cycle parameters and apoptotic cell death. Endocrinology 129:2555–2562
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perron, J. C., and Bixby, J. L.. 1999. Distinct neurite outgrowth signaling pathways converge on ERK activation. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 13:362–378
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price, D. J., Grove, J. R., Calvo, V., Avruch, J., and Bierer, B. E.. 1992. Rapamycin-induced inhibition of the 70-kilodalton S6 protein kinase. Science 257:973–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, M., Kidd, E. J., Carruthers, A. M., Wyatt, M. A., Jarvie, E. M., Sellers, L. A., Feniuk, W., and Humphrey, P. P. A.. 1998. Molecular cloning and functional characterisation of a rat somatostatin sst2(b) receptor splice variant. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125:209–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, L. A.. 1999. Prolonged activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by a protein kinase C-dependent and N17Ras-insensitive mechanism mediates the proliferative response of Gi/0-coupled somatostatin sst4 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274:24280–24288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sellers, L. A., Feniuk, W., Humphrey, P. P. A., and Lauder, H.. 1999. Activated G protein-coupled receptor induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and agonist-selective serine phosphorylation via sustained stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase: resultant effects on cell proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:16423–16430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewing, A., Wiseman, B., Lloyd, A. C., and Land, H.. 1997. High-intensity Raf signal causes cell cycle arrest mediated by p21cip1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5588–5597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, L. R., Eguinoa, A., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Lui, M., Cooke, F., Coadwell, J., Smrcka, A. S., Thelen, M., Cadwallader, K., Tempst, P., and Hawkins, P. T.. 1997. The Gβγ sensitivity of a PI3K is dependent upon a tightly associated adaptor, p101. Cell 89:105–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda, H., Matozaki, T., Takada, T., Noguchi, T., Yamao, T., Tsuda, M., Ochi, F., Fukunaga, K., Inagaki, K., and Kasuga, M.. 1999. PI 3-kinaseγ and protein kinase Cξ mediate Ras-independent activation of MAP kinase by a Gi protein-coupled receptor. EMBO J. 18:386–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, K., Abe, M., and Sato, Y.. 1999. Roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the signal transduction of basic fibroblast growth factor in endothelial cells during angiogenesis. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 90:647–654
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tombes, R. M., Auer, K. L., Mikkelsen, R., Valerie, K., Wymanns, M. P., Marshall, C. J., McMahon, M., and Dent, P.. 1998. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade can either stimulate or inhibit DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes depending upon whether its activation is acute/phasic or chronic. Biochem. J. 330:1451–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traverse, S., Seedorf, K., Paterson, H., Marshall, C. J., Cohen, P., and Ullrich, A.. 1994. EGF triggers neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells that overexpress the EGF receptor. Curr. Biol. 4:694–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullrich, S. J., Sakaguchi, K., Lees-Miller, S. P., Fiscella, M., Mercer, W. E., Anderson, C. W., and Appella, E.. 1993. Phosphorylation at Ser-15 and Ser-392 in mutant p53 molecules from human tumours is altered compared to wild-type p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5954–5958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaux, D. L.. 1997. CED-4: the third horseman of apoptosis. Cell 90:389–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheij, M., Bose, R., Lin, X. H., Yao, B., Jarvis, W. D., Grant, S., Birrer, M. J., Szabo, E., Zon, L. I., Kyriakis, J. M., Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Fuks, Z., and Kolesnick, R. N.. 1996. Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signaling in stress-induced apoptosis. Nature 380:75–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Y., Kurosaki, T., and Huang, X. Y.. 1996. Tyrosine kinases in activation of the MAP kinase cascade by G protein-coupled receptors. Nature 380:541–544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Widmann, C., Gibson, S., Jarpe, M. B., and Johnson, G. L.. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinase: conservation of a three-kinase module from yeast to human. Physiol. Rev. 79:143–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D., Parry, D., Cherwinski, H., Bosch, E., Lees, E., and McMahon, M.. 1997. Raf-induced proliferation or cell cycle arrest is determined by the level of Raf activity with arrest mediated by p21cip1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5598–5611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z., Dickens, M., Raingeaud, J., Davis, R. J., and Greenberg, M. E.. 1995. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science 270:1326–1331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi, J., Nagao, M., Kaziro, Y., and Itoh, H.. 1997. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by signaling through G protein-coupled receptors. Involvement of Gβγ and Gαq/11 subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 272:27771–27777
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, X., Khosravi-Far, R., Chang, H. Y., and Baltimore, D.. 1997. Daxx, a novel Fas-binding protein that activates JNK and apoptosis. Cell 89:1067–1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanke, B. W., Boudreau, K., Reubie, E., Winnett, E., Tibbles, L. A., Zon, L., Kyriakis, J., Liu, F. F., and Woodgett, J. R.. 1996. The stress-activated protein kinase pathway mediates cell death following injury induced by cis-platinum, UV irradiation or heat. Curr. Biol. 6:606–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar