13
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Cell Growth and Development

c-Src Signaling Induced by the Adapters Sin and Cas Is Mediated by Rap1 GTPase

, , , , &
Pages 7363-7377 | Received 24 Mar 2000, Accepted 29 Jun 2000, Published online: 28 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Alexandropoulos, K., and Baltimore, D.. 1996. Coordinate activation of c-Src by SH3- and SH2-binding sites on a novel p130Cas-related protein, Sin. Genes Dev. 10:1341–1355
  • Alexandropoulos, K., Cheng, G., and Baltimore, D.. 1995. Proline-rich sequences that bind to Src homology 3 domains with individual specificities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3110–3114
  • Altschuler, D. L., Peterson, S. N., Ostrowski, M. C., and Lapetina, E. G.. 1995. Cyclic AMP-dependent activation of Rap1b. J. Biol. Chem. 270:10373–10376
  • Altschuler, D. L., and Ribeiro-Neto, F.. 1998. Mitogenic and oncogenic properties of the small G protein Rap1b. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:7475–7479
  • Araki, E., Lipes, M. A., Patti, M. E., Bruning, J. C., Haag, B.III, Johnson, R. S., and Kahn, C. R.. 1994. Alternative pathway of insulin signalling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372:186–190
  • Auvinen, M., Paasinen-Sohns, A., Hirai, H., Andersson, L. C., and Holtta, E.. 1995. Ornithine decarboxylase- and Ras-induced cell transformations: reversal by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and role of pp130CAS. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6513–6525
  • Bannerman, D. D., Sathyamoorthy, M., and Goldblum, S. E.. 1998. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide disrupts endothelial monolayer integrity and survival signaling events through caspase cleavage of adherens junction proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 273:35371–35380
  • Blauket, A., Ivankovic-Dikic, I., Gronroos, E., Dolfi, F., Tokiwa, G., Vuori, K., and Dikic, I.. 1999. Adaptor proteins Grb2 and Crk couple Pyk2 with activation of specific mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 274:14893–14901
  • Bos, J. L.. 1998. All in the family? New insights and questions regarding interconnectivity of Ras, Rap1 and Ral. EMBO J. 17:6776–6782
  • Bos, J. L.. 1997. Ras-like GTPases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1333:M19–M31
  • Brown, M. T., and Cooper, J. A.. 1996. Regulation, substrates and functions of src. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1287:121–149
  • Canman, C. E., and Kastan, M. B.. 1996. Signal transduction. Three paths to stress relief. Nature 384:213–214
  • Cartwright, C. A., Eckhart, W., Simon, S., and Kaplan, P. L.. 1987. Cell transformation by pp60c-src mutated in the carboxy-terminal regulatory domain. Cell 49:83–91
  • Cary, L. A., Han, D. C., Polte, T. R., Hanks, S. K., and Guan, J. L.. 1998. Identification of p130Cas as a mediator of focal adhesion kinase-promoted cell migration. J. Cell Biol. 140:211–221
  • Casamassima, A., and Rozengurt, E.. 1997. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130(cas) by bombesin, lysophosphatidic acid, phorbol esters, and platelet-derived growth factor. Signaling pathways and formation of a p130(cas)-Crk complex. J. Biol. Chem. 272:9363–9370
  • Cheresh, D. A., Leng, J., and Klemke, R. L.. 1999. Regulation of cell contraction and membrane ruffling by distinct signals in migratory cells. J. Cell Biol. 146:1107–1116
  • Cho, S. Y., and Klemke, R. L.. 2000. Extracellular-regulated kinase activation and CAS/Crk coupling regulate cell migration and suppress apoptosis during invasion of the extracellular matrix. J. Cell Biol. 149:223–236
  • Cohen, G. B., Ren, R., and Baltimore, D.. 1995. Modular binding domains in signal transduction. Cell 80:237–248
  • Cook, S. J., and McCormick, F.. 1993. Inhibition by cAMP of Ras-dependent activation of Raf. Science 262:1069–1072
  • Cooper, J. A., and King, C. S.. 1986. Dephosphorylation or antibody binding to the carboxy terminus stimulates pp60c-src. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4467–4477
  • de Rooij, J., and Bos, J. L.. 1997. Minimal Ras-binding domain of Raf1 can be used as an activation-specific probe for Ras. Oncogene 14:623–625
  • de Rooij, J., Zwartkruis, F. J., Verheijen, M. H., Cool, R. H., Nijman, S. M., Wittinghofer, A., and Bos, J. L.. 1998. Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP. Nature 396:474–477
  • de Vries-Smits, A. M., Burgering, B. M., Leevers, S. J., Marshall, C. J., and Bos, J. L.. 1992. Involvement of p21ras in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. Nature 357:602–604
  • Dolfi, F., Garcia-Guzman, M., Ojaniemi, M., Nakamura, H., Matsuda, M., and Vuori, K.. 1998. The adaptor protein Crk connects multiple cellular stimuli to the JNK signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15394–15399
  • Ebinu, J. O., Bottorff, D. A., Chan, E. Y., Stang, S. L., Dunn, R. J., and Stone, J. C.. 1998. RasGRP, a Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein with calcium- and diacylglycerol-binding motifs. Science 280:1082–1086
  • Ellis, C., Moran, M., McCormick, F., and Pawson, T.. 1990. Phosphorylation of GAP and GAP-associated proteins by transforming and mitogenic tyrosine kinases. Nature 343:377–381
  • Erhardt, P., Troppmair, J., Rapp, U. R., and Cooper, G. M.. 1995. Differential regulation of Raf-1 and B-Raf and Ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by cyclic AMP in PC12 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5524–5530
  • Erpel, T., Alonso, G., Roche, S., and Courtneidge, S. A.. 1996. The Src SH3 domain is required for DNA synthesis induced by platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:16807–16812
  • Faure, M., and Bourne, H. R.. 1995. Differential effects on cAMP on the MAP kinase cascade: evidence for a cAMP-insensitive step that can bypass Raf-1. Mol. Biol. Cell 6:1025–1035
  • Feig, L. A., and Cooper, G. M.. 1988. Inhibition of NIH 3T3 cell proliferation by a mutant Ras protein with preferential affinity for GDP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3235–3243
  • Feller, S. M., Posern, G., Voss, J., Kardinal, C., Sakkab, D., Zheng, J., and Knudsen, B. S.. 1998. Physiological signals and oncogenesis mediated through Crk family adapter proteins. J. Cell. Physiol. 177:535–552
  • Franke, B., Akkerman, J. W., and Bos, J. L.. 1997. Rapid Ca2+-mediated activation of Rap1 in human platelets. EMBO J. 16:252–259
  • Galang, C. K., Der, C. J., and Hauser, C. A.. 1994. Oncogenic Ras can induce transcriptional activation through a variety of promoter elements, including tandem c-Ets-2 binding sites. Oncogene 9:2913–2921
  • Gotoh, T., Hattori, S., Nakamura, S., Kitayama, H., Noda, M., Takai, Y., Kaibuchi, K., Matsui, H., Hatase, O., Takahashi, H. et al. 1995. Identification of Rap1 as a target for the Crk SH3 domain-binding guanine nucleotide-releasing factor C3G. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6746–6753
  • Hakak, Y., and Martin, S.. 1999. Cas mediates transcriptional activation of the serum response element by Src. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:6953–6962
  • Harte, M. T., Hildebrand, J. D., Burnham, M. R., Bouton, A. H., and Parsons, J. T.. 1996. p130Cas, a substrate associated with v-Src and v-Crk, localizes to focal adhesions and binds to focal adhesion kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271:13649–13655
  • Honda, H., Oda, H., Nakamoto, T., Honda, Z., Sakai, R., Suzuki, T., Saito, T., Nakamura, K., Nakao, K., Ishikawa, T., Katsuki, M., Yazaki, Y., and Hirai, H.. 1998. Cardiovascular anomaly, impaired actin bundling and resistance to Src-induced transformation in mice lacking p130Cas. Nat. Genet. 19:361–365
  • Ichiba, T., Kuraishi, Y., Sakai, O., Nagata, S., Groffen, J., Kurata, T., Hattori, S., and Matsuda, M.. 1997. Enhancement of guanine-nucleotide exchange activity of C3G for Rap1 by the expression of Crk, CrkL, and Grb2. J. Biol. Chem. 272:22215–22220
  • Ishiki, M., Sasaoka, T., Ishihara, H., Imamura, T., Usui, I., Takata, Y., and Kobayashi, M.. 1997. Evidence for functional roles of Crk-II in insulin and epidermal growth factor signaling in Rat-1 fibroblasts overexpressing insulin receptors. Endocrinology 138:4950–4958
  • Ishino, M., Ohba, T., Sasaki, H., and Sasaki, T.. 1995. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a phosphoprotein, Efs, which contains a Src homology 3 domain and associates with Fyn. Oncogene 11:2331–2338
  • Kawasaki, H., Springett, G. M., Toki, S., Canales, J. J., Harlan, P., Blumenstiel, J. P., Chen, E. J., Bany, I. A., Mochizuki, N., Ashbacher, A., Matsuda, M., Housman, D. E., and Graybiel, A. M.. 1998. A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor enriched highly in the basal ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13278–13283 (Erratum, 96:318, 1999.)
  • Kawata, M., Matsui, Y., Kondo, J., Hishida, T., Teranishi, Y., and Takai, Y.. 1988. A novel small molecular weight GTP-binding protein with the same putative effector domain as the ras proteins in bovine brain membranes. Purification, determination of primary structure, and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 263:18965–18971
  • Kitayama, H., Sugimoto, Y., Matsuzaki, T., Ikawa, Y., and Noda, M.. 1989. A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity. Cell 56:77–84
  • Klemke, R. L., Leng, J., Molander, R., Brooks, P. C., Vuori, K., and Cheresh, D. A.. 1998. CAS/Crk coupling serves as a “molecular switch” for induction of cell migration. J. Cell Biol. 140:961–972
  • Kmiecik, T. E., and Shalloway, D.. 1987. Activation and suppression of pp60c-src transforming ability by mutation of its primary sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. Cell 49:65–73
  • Knudsen, B. S., Feller, S. M., and Hanafusa, H.. 1994. Four proline-rich sequences of the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor C3G bind with unique specificity to the first Src homology 3 domain of Crk. J. Biol. Chem. 269:32781–32787
  • Kumagai, N., Morii, N., Fujisawa, K., Yoshimasa, T., Nakao, K., and Narumiya, S.. 1993. Lysophosphatidic acid induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of MAP-kinase and focal adhesion kinase in cultured Swiss 3T3 cells. FEBS Lett. 329:273–276
  • Law, S., Estojak, J., Wang, B., Mysliwiec, T., Kruh, G., and Golemis, F. A.. 1996. Human enhancer of filamentation 1, a novel p130Cas-like docking protein, associated with focal adhesion kinase and induces pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3327–3337
  • Leevers, S. J., and Marshall, C. J.. 1992. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK2, by p21ras oncoprotein. EMBO J. 11:569–574
  • Manie, S. N., Beck, A. R., Astier, A., Law, S. F., Canty, T., Hirai, H., Druker, B. J., Avraham, H., Haghayeghi, N., Sattler, M., Salgia, R., Griffin, J. D., Golemis, E. A., and Freedman, A. S.. 1997. Involvement of p130(Cas) and p105(HEF1), a novel Cas-like docking protein, in a cytoskeleton-dependent signaling pathway initiated by ligation of integrin or antigen receptor on human B cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:4230–4236
  • Minden, A., Lin, A., Claret, F. X., Abo, A., and Karin, M.. 1995. Selective activation of the JNK signaling cascade and c-Jun transcriptional activity by the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42Hs. Cell 81:1147–1157
  • Minegishi, M., Tachibana, K., Sato, T., Iwata, S., Nojima, Y., and Morimoto, C.. 1996. Structure and function of Cas-L, a 105-kD Crk-associated substrate-related protein that is involved in beta 1 integrin-mediated signaling in lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 184:1365–1375
  • Mizushima, S., and Nagata, S.. 1990. pEF-BOS, a powerful mammalian expression vector. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 5322
  • Mukhopadhyay, D., Tsiokas, L., Zhou, X. M., Foster, D., Brugge, J. S., and Sukhatme, V. P.. 1995. Hypoxic induction of human vascular endothelial growth factor expression through c-Src activation. Nature 375:577–581
  • Murphy, S. M., Bergman, M., and Morgan, D. O.. 1993. Suppression of c-Src activity by C-terminal Src kinase involves the c-Src SH2 and SH3 domains: analysis with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:5290–5300
  • Myers, M. G., and White, M. F.. 1996. Insulin signal transduction and the IRS proteins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36:615–658
  • Nakamoto, T., Sakai, R., Ozawa, K., Yazaki, Y., and Hirai, H.. 1996. Direct binding of C-terminal region of p130Cas to SH2 and SH3 domains of Src kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271:8959–8965
  • Nojima, Y., Morino, N., Mimura, T., Hamasaki, K., Furuya, H., Sakai, R., Sato, T., Tachibana, K., Morimoto, C., Yazaki, Y. et al. 1995. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, a Src homology 3-containing molecule having multiple Src homology 2-binding motifs. J. Biol. Chem. 270:15398–15402
  • Ojaniemi, M., and Vuori, K.. 1997. Epidermal growth factor modulates tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas. Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and actin cytoskeleton. J. Biol. Chem. 272:25993–25998
  • Oktay, M., Wary, K. K., Dans, M., Birge, R. B., and Giancotti, F. G.. 1999. Integrin-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase is required for signaling to Jun NH2-terminal kinase and progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 145:1461–1469
  • O'Neill, G. M., Fashena, S. J., and Golemis, E. A.. 2000. Integrin signalling: a new Cas(t) of characters enters the stage. Trends Cell Biol. 10:111–119
  • Pear, W. S., Nolan, G. P., Scott, M. L., and Baltimore, D.. 1993. Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8392–8396
  • Pickett, C. A., and Gutierrez-Hartmann, A.. 1994. Ras mediates Src but not epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in GH4 neuroendocrine cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8612–8616
  • Piwnica-Worms, H., Saunders, K. B., Roberts, T. M., Smith, A. E., and Cheng, S. H.. 1987. Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the biochemical and biological properties of pp60c-src. Cell 49:75–82
  • Pizon, V., Lerosey, I., Chardin, P., and Tavitian, A.. 1988. Nucleotide sequence of a human cDNA encoding a ras-related protein (rap1B). Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 7719
  • Posern, G., Weber, C. K., Rapp, U. R., and Feller, S. M.. 1998. Activity of Rap1 is regulated by bombesin, cell adhesion, and cell density in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 273:24297–24300
  • Qureshi, S. A., Alexandropoulos, K., Rim, M., Joseph, C. K., Bruder, J. T., Rapp, U. R., and Foster, D. A.. 1992. Evidence that Ha-Ras mediates two distinguishable intracellular signals activated by v-Src. J. Biol. Chem. 267:17635–17639
  • Qureshi, S. A., Rim, M., Bruder, J., Kolch, W., Rapp, U., Sukhatme, V. P., and Foster, D. A.. 1991. An inhibitory mutant of c-Raf-1 blocks v-Src-induced activation of the Egr-1 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 266:20594–20597
  • Reedquist, K. A., and Bos, J. L.. 1998. Costimulation through CD28 suppresses T cell receptor-dependent activation of the Ras-like small GTPase Rap1 in human T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:4944–4949
  • Reuter, C. W., Catling, A. D., Jelinek, T., and Weber, M. J.. 1995. Biochemical analysis of MEK activation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Identification of B-Raf and other activators. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7644–7655
  • Robbins, D. J., Cheng, M., Zhen, E., Vanderbilt, C. A., Feig, L. A., and Cobb, M. H.. 1992. Evidence for a Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6924–6928
  • Sakai, R., Iwamatsu, A., Hirano, N., Ogawa, S., Tanaka, T., Mano, H., Yazaki, Y., and Hirai, H.. 1994. A novel signaling molecule, p130, forms stable complexes in vivo with v-Crk and v-Src in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. EMBO J. 13:3748–3756
  • Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T.. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y
  • Schlaepfer, D. D., Broome, M. A., and Hunter, T.. 1997. Fibronectin-stimulated signaling from a focal adhesion kinase–c-Src complex: involvement of the Grb2, p130cas, and Nck adaptor proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1702–1713
  • Sicheri, F., Moarefi, I., and Kuriyan, J.. 1997. Crystal structure of the Src family tyrosine kinase Hck. Nature 385:602–609
  • Smit, L., van der Horst, G., and Borst, J.. 1996. Formation of Shc/Grb2- and Crk adaptor complexes containing tyrosine phosphorylated Cb1 upon stimulation of the B-cell antigen receptor. Oncogene 13:381–389
  • Songyang, Z., Carraway, K. L.III, Eck, M. J., Harrison, S. C., Feldman, R. A., Mohammadi, M., Schlessinger, J., Hubbard, S. R., Smith, D. P., Eng, C. et al. 1995. Catalytic specificity of protein-tyrosine kinases is critical for selective signaling. Nature 373:536–539
  • Songyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chaunduri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts, T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J. et al. 1993. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptides sequences. Cell 72:767–778
  • Superti-Furga, G., Fumagalli, S., Koegl, M., Courtneidge, S. A., and Draetta, G.. 1993. Csk inhibition of c-Src activity requires both the SH2 and SH3 domains of Src. EMBO J. 12:2625–2634
  • Tamemoto, H., Kadowaki, T., Tobe, K., Yagi, T., Sakura, H., Hayakawa, T., Terauchi, Y., Ueki, K., Kaburagi, Y., Satoh, S. et al. 1994. Insulin resistance and growth retardation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. Nature 372:182–186
  • Tanaka, M., Gupta, R., and Mayer, B. J.. 1995. Differential inhibition of signaling pathways by dominant-negative SH2/SH3 adapter proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6829–6837
  • Tanaka, S., Morishita, T., Hashimoto, Y., Hattori, S., Nakamura, S., Shibuya, M., Matuoka, K., Takenawa, T., Kurata, T., Nagashima, K. et al. 1994. C3G, a guanine nucleotide-releasing protein expressed ubiquitously, binds to the Src homology 3 domains of CRK and GRB2/ASH proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3443–3447
  • Thomas, S., and Brugge, J. S.. 1997. Cellular junctions regulated by Src family kinases. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:513–609
  • Tsai-Morris, C. H., Cao, X. M., and Sukhatme, V. P.. 1988. 5′ flanking sequence and genomic structure of Egr-1, a murine mitogen inducible zinc finger encoding gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8835–8846
  • Urano, T., Emkey, R., and Feig, L. A.. 1996. Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation. EMBO J. 15:810–816
  • Vossler, M. R., Yao, H., York, R. D., Pan, M. G., Rim, C. S., and Stork, P. J.. 1997. cAMP activates MAP kinase and Elk-1 through a B-Raf- and Rap1-dependent pathway. Cell 89:73–82
  • Vuori, K., Hirai, H., Aizawa, S., and Ruoslahti, E.. 1996. Introduction of p130cas signaling complex formation upon integrin-mediated cell adhesion: a role for Src family kinases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2606–2613
  • Vuori, K., and Ruoslahti, E.. 1995. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas and cortactin accompanies integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem. 270:22259–22262
  • Withers, D. J., Gutierrez, J. S., Towery, H., Burks, D., Ren, J. M., Previs, S., Zhang, Y., Bernal, D., Pons, S., Shulman, G. I., Bonner-Weir, S., and White, M. F.. 1998. Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice. Nature 391:900–904
  • Wolthuis, R. M., Franke, B., van Triest, M., Bauer, B., Cool, R. H., Camonis, J. H., Akkerman, J. W., and Bos, J. L.. 1998. Activation of the small GTPase Ral in platelets. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:2486–2491
  • Wood, K. W., Sarnecki, C., Roberts, T. M., and Blenis, J.. 1992. Ras mediates nerve growth factor receptor modulation of three signal-transducing protein kinases: MAP kinase, Raf-1, and RSK. Cell 68:1041–1050
  • Xu, W., Harrison, S. C., and Eck, M. J.. 1997. Three-dimensional structure of the tyrosine kinase c-Src. Nature 385:595–602
  • Yamakita, Y., Totsukawa, G., Yamashiro, S., Fry, D., Zhang, X., Hanks, S. K., and Matsumura, F.. 1999. Dissociation of FAK/p130(CAS)/c-Src complex during mitosis: role of mitosis-specific serine phosphorylation of FAK. J. Cell Biol. 144:315–324
  • Yenush, L., and White, M. F.. 1997. The IRS-signaling system during insulin and cytokine action. Bioessays 19:491–500
  • York, R. D., Yao, H., Dillon, T., Ellig, C. L., Eckert, S. P., McCleskey, E. W., and Stork, P. J.. 1998. Rap1 mediates sustained MAP kinase activation induced by nerve growth factor. Nature 392:622–626
  • Yoshida, Y., Kawata, M., Miura, Y., Musha, T., Sasaki, T., Kikuchi, A., and Takai, Y.. 1992. Microinjection of smg/rap1/Krev-1 p21 into Swiss 3T3 cells induces DNA synthesis and morphological changes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3407–3414
  • Zhu, T., Goh, E. L., LeRoith, D., and Lobie, P. E.. 1998. Growth hormone stimulates the formation of a multiprotein signaling complex involving p130(Cas) and CrkII. Resultant activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK). J. Biol. Chem. 273:33864–33875
  • Zwartkruis, F. J., Wolthuis, R. M., Nabben, N. M., Franke, B., and Bos, J. L.. 1998. Extracellular signal-regulated activation of Rap1 fails to interfere in Ras effector signalling. EMBO J. 17:5905–5912

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.