57
Views
167
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Mammalian Genetic Models with Minimal or Complex Phenotypes

Mice with an Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Dosage Show Enhanced Resistance to Stress and Endotoxic Shock

, , , &
Pages 9009-9017 | Received 08 May 2000, Accepted 01 Sep 2000, Published online: 28 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Ashwell, J. D., Lu, F. W., and Vacchio, M. S.. 2000. Glucocorticoids in T cell development and function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:309–345
  • Barnes, P. J.. 1998. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin. Sci. 94:557–572
  • Burke, D. T., Carle, G. F., and Olson, M. V.. 1987. Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science 236:806–812
  • Cohen, J. J.. 1992. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the thymus. Semin. Immunol. 4:363–369
  • Cole, T. J., Blendy, J. A., Monaghan, A. P., Krieglstein, K., Schmid, W., Aguzzi, A., Fantuzzi, G., Hummler, E., Unsicker, K., and Schütz, G.. 1995. Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation. Genes Dev. 9:1608–1621
  • De Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., and Joels, M.. 1998. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr. Rev. 19:269–301
  • Elenkov, I. J., and Chrousos, G. P.. 1999. Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 10:359–368
  • Fink, G.. Mechanism of negative and positive feedback of steroids in the hypothalamic-pituitary system Principles of medical biology Bittar, E. E., and Bittar, N. 10A:30–100 JAI Press, London, England
  • Gutierrez-Ramos, J., and Bluethmann, H.. 1997. 1997. Molecules and mechanisms operating in septic shock: lessons from knockout mice. Immunol. Today 18:329–334
  • Hiemisch, H., Schütz, G., and Kaestner, K. H.. 1997. Transcriptional regulation in endoderm development: characterization of an enhancer controlling Hnf3g expression by transgenesis and targeted mutagenesis. EMBO J. 16:3995–4006
  • Hollenberg, S. M., Weinberger, C., Ong, E. S., Cerelli, G., Oro, A., Lebo, R., Thompson, E. B., Rosenfeld, M. G., and Evans, R. M.. 1985. Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature 318:635–641
  • Kalinyak, J. E., Dorin, R. I., Hoffman, A. R., and Perlman, A. J.. 1987. Tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by dexamethasone. J. Biol. Chem. 262:10441–10444
  • King, L. B., Vacchio, M. S., Dixon, K., Hunziker, R., Margulies, D. H., and Ashwell, J. D.. 1995. A targeted glucocorticoid receptor antisense transgene increases thymocyte apoptosis and alters thymocyte development. Immunity 3:647–656
  • Kretz, O., Reichardt, H. M., Schütz, G., and Bock, R.. 1999. Corticotropin-releasing hormone expression is the major target for glucocorticoid feedback-control at the hypothalamic level. Brain Res. 818:488–491
  • Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P. M., and Meaney, M. J.. 1997. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 277:1659–1662
  • Miller, W. L., and Blake Tyrrel, J.. 1995. The adrenal cortex Endocrinology and metabolism. Felig, P., Baxter, J. D., and Frohman, L. A. 555–711 McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y
  • Montoliu, L., Umland, T., and Schütz, G.. 1996. A locus control region at −12 kb of the tyrosinase gene. EMBO J. 15:6026–6034
  • Nicoletti, I., Migliorati, G., Pagliacci, M. C., Grignani, F., and Riccardi, C.. 1991. A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Methods 139:271–279
  • Okret, S., Poellinger, L., Dong, Y., and Gustafsson, J. A.. 1986. Down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by glucocorticoid hormones and recognition by the receptor of a specific binding sequence within a receptor cDNA clone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5899–5903
  • Otto, C., Reichardt, H. M., and Schütz, G.. 1997. Absence of glucocorticoid receptor-beta in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 272:26665–26668
  • Penninger, J. M., and Kroemer, G.. 1998. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of T lymphocyte apoptosis. Adv. Immunol. 68:51–144
  • Reichardt, H. M., Kaestner, K. H., Tuckermann, J., Kretz, O., Wessely, O., Bock, R., Gass, P., Schmid, W., Herrlich, P., Angel, P., and Schütz, G.. 1998. DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival. Cell 93:531–541
  • Reichardt, H. M., and Schütz, G.. 1996. Feedback control of glucocorticoid production is established during fetal development. Mol. Med. 2:735–744
  • Reichardt, H. M., and Schütz, G.. 1998. Glucocorticoid signalling—multiple variations of a common theme. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 146:1–6
  • Reul, J. M., Stec, I., Wiegers, G. J., Labeur, M. S., Linthorst, A. C., Arzt, E., and Holsboer, F.. 1994. Prenatal immune challenge alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in adult rats. J. Clin. Investig. 93:2600–2607
  • Schedl, A., Larin, Z., Montoliu, L., Thies, E., Kelsey, G., Lehrach, H., and Schütz, G.. 1993. A method for the generation of YAC transgenic mice by pronuclear microinjection. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:4783–4787
  • Schedl, A., Montoliu, L., Kelsey, G., and Schütz, G.. 1993. A yeast artificial chromosome covering the tyrosinase gene confers copy number-dependent expression in transgenic mice. Nature 362:258–261
  • Schedl, A., Ross, A., Lee, M., Engelkamp, D., Rashbass, P., van Heyningen, V., and Hastie, N. D.. 1996. Influence of PAX6 gene dosage on development: overexpression causes severe eye abnormalities. Cell 86:71–82
  • Strähle, U., Schmidt, A., Kelsey, G., Stewart, A. F., Cole, T. J., Schmid, W., and Schütz, G.. 1992. At least three promoters direct expression of the mouse glucocorticoid receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6731–6735
  • Tolosa, E., King, L. B., and Ashwell, J. D.. 1998. Thymocyte glucocorticoid resistance alters positive selection and inhibits autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Immunity 8:67–76
  • Tronche, F., Kellendonk, C., Kretz, O., Gass, P., Anlag, K., Orban, P. C., Bock, R., Klein, R., and Schütz, G.. 1999. Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety. Nat. Genet. 23:99–103
  • Tronche, F., Kellendonk, C., Reichardt, H. M., and Schütz, G.. 1998. Genetic dissection of glucocorticoid receptor function in mice. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8:532–538
  • Ulich, T. R., Guo, K. Z., Remick, D., del Castillo, J., and Yin, S. M.. 1991. Endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression in vivo. III. IL-6 mRNA and serum protein expression and the in vivo hematologic effects of IL-6. J. Immunol. 146:2316–2323
  • Vanderbilt, J. N., Miesfeld, R., Maler, B. A., and Yamamoto, K. R.. 1987. Intracellular receptor concentration limits glucocorticoid-dependent enhancer activity. Mol. Endocrinol. 1:68–74
  • Wessely, O., Deiner, E., Beug, H., and von Lindern, M.. 1997. The glucocorticoid receptor is a key regulator of the decision between self-renewal and differentiation in erythroid progenitors. EMBO J. 16:267–280
  • Yang, X. W., Wynder, C., Doughty, M. L., and Heintz, N.. 1999. BAC-mediated gene-dosage analysis reveals a role for Zipro1 (Ru49/Zfp38) in progenitor cell proliferation in cerebellum and skin. Nat. Genet. 22:327–335

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.