8
Views
57
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Cell Growth and Development

Activation of the Ral and Phosphatidylinositol 3′ Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ras-Related Protein TC21

, &
Pages 3750-3762 | Received 06 Nov 2000, Accepted 09 Mar 2001, Published online: 27 Mar 2023

REFERENCES

  • Aletta, J. M., and L. A. Greene. 1988. Growth cone configuration and advance: a time-lapse study using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. J. Neurosci. 8:1425–1435.
  • Barker, K. T., and M. R. Crompton. 1998. Ras-related TC21 is activated by mutation in breast cancer cell line, but infrequently in breast carcinomas in vivo. Br. J. Cancer 78:296–300.
  • Bos, J. L.. 1997. Ras-like GTPases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1333:M19–M31.
  • Carboni, J. M., N. Yan, A. D. Cox, X. R. Bustelo, S. M. Graham, M. J. Lynch, R. Weinmann, B. R. Seizinger, C. J. Der, M. Barbacid, and V. Manne. 1995. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors are inhibitors of Ras but not R-Ras2/TC21, transformation. Oncogene 10:1905–1913.
  • Chan, A. M. L., T. Miki, A. M. Kimberly, and S. A. Aaronson. 1994. A human oncogene of the RAS superfamily unmasked by expression cDNA cloning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:77558–7562.
  • Clark, G. J., M. S. Kinch, T. M. Gilmer, K. Burridge, and C. J. Der. 1996. Overexpression of the Ras-related TC21/R-Ras2 protein may contribute to the development of human breast cancers. Oncogene 12:169–176.
  • Cowley, S., H. Paterson, P. Kemp, and C. J. Marshall. 1994. Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Cell 77:841–852.
  • Cox, A. D., T. R. Brtva, D. G. Lowe, and C. J. Der. 1994. R-Ras induces malignant, but not morphologic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Oncogene 9:3281–3288.
  • Datta, K., A. Bellacosa, T. O. Chan, and P. N. Tsichlis. 1996. Akt is a direct target of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: activation by growth factors, v-Src and v-Ha-Ras, in Sf9 and mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:30835–30839.
  • Drivas, G. T., A. Shih, E. Coutavas, M. G. Rush, and P. D'Eutsachio. 1990. Characterization of four novel ras-like genes expressed in a human teratocarcinoma cell line. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1793–1798.
  • Dufourny, B., J. Alblas, H. A. van Teeffelen, F. M. van Schaik, B. van der Burg, P. H. Steenbergh, and J. S. Sussenbach. 1997. Mitogenic signalling of insulin-like growth factor I in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 272:31163–31171.
  • Gille, H., and J. Downward. 1999. Multiple ras effector pathways contribute to G(1) cell cycle progression. J. Biol. Chem. 274:22033–22040.
  • Gioanni, J., D. Le François, E. Zanghellini, C. Mazeau, F. Ettore, J.-C. Lambert, M. Scneider, and B. Dutrillaux. 1990. Establishment and characterisation of a new tumorigenic cell line with a normal karyotype derived from a human breast adenocarcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 62:8–13.
  • Graham, S. M., A. D. Cox, G. Drivas, M. G. Rush, P. D'Eustachio, and C. J. Der. 1994. Aberrant function of the Ras-related protein TC21/R-Ras2 triggers malignant transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4108–4115.
  • Graham, S. M., S. M. Oldham, C. B. Martin, J. K. Drugan, I. E. Zohn, S. Campbell, and C. J. Der. 1999. TC21 and Ras share indistinguishable transforming and differentiating activities. Oncogene 18:2107–2116.
  • Guerrero, I., H. Wong, A. Pellicer, and D. E. Burstein. 1986. Activated N-ras gene induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 129:71–76.
  • Herrmann, C., G. Horn, M. Spaargaren, and A. Wittinghofer. 1996. Differential interaction of the ras family GTP-binding proteins H-Ras, RaplA, and R-Ras with the putative effector molecules Raf kinase and Ral-guanine nucleotide exchange factor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:6794–6800.
  • Hinoi, T., S. Kishida, S. Koyama, M. Ikeda, Y. Matsuura, and A. Kikuchi. 1996. Posttranslational modifications of Ras and Ral are important for the action of Ral GDP dissociation stimulator. J. Biol. Chem. 271:19710–19716.
  • Huang, Y., R. Saez, L. Chao, E. Santos, S. A. Aaronson, and A. M.-L. Chan. 1995. A novel insertional mutation in the TC21 gene activates its transforming activity in a human leiomyosarcoma cell line. Oncogene 11:1255–1260.
  • Jackson, T. R., I. J. Blader, L. P. Hammondsodie, c. R. Burga, F. Cooke, P. T. Hawkins, A. G. Wolf, K. A. Heldman, and A. B. Theibert. 1996. Initiation and maintenance of NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth requires activation of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J. Cell Sci. 109:289–300.
  • Kauffman-Zeh, A., P. RodriguezViciana, E. Ulrich, C. Gilbert, P. Coffer, J. Downward, and G. Evan. 1997. Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB. Nature 385:544–548.
  • Khosravi Far, R., M. A. White, J. K. Westwick, P. A. Solski, M. Chrzanowska Wodnicka, L. Van Aeist, M. H. Wigler, and C. J. Der. 1996. Oncogenic Ras activation of Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathways is sufficient to cause tumorigenic transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3923–3933.
  • Khwaja, A., P. RodriguezViciana, S. Wennstrom, P. H. Warne, and J. Downward. 1997. Matrix adhesion and Ras transformation both activate a phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase and protein kinase B/Akt cellular survival pathway. EMBO J. 16:2783–2793.
  • Kimmelman, A., T. Tolkacheva, M. V. Lorenzi, M. Osada, and A. M. L. Chan. 1997. Identification and characterization of R-ras3: a novel member of the RAS gene family with a non-ubiquitous pattern of tissue distribution. Oncogene 15:2675–2685.
  • Kimmelman, A. C., M. Osada, and A. M. Chan. 2000. R-Ras3, a brain-specific Ras-related protein, activates Akt and promotes cell survival in PC12 cells. Oncogene 19:2014–2022.
  • Kishida, S., S. Koyama, K. Matsubara, M. Kishida, Y. Matsuura, and A. Kikuchi. 1997. Colocalization of Ras and Ral on the membrane is required for Ras-dependent Ral activation through Ral GDP dissociation stimulator. Oncogene 15:2899–2907.
  • Kotani, K., K. Yonezawa, K. Hara, H. Ueda, Y. Kitamura, H. Sakaue, A. Ando, A. Chavanieu, B. Calas, F. Grigorescu, et al.. 1994. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in insulin- or IGF-1-induced membrane ruffling. EMBO J. 13:2313–2321.
  • Lopez Barahona, M., X. Bustelo, and M. Barbacid. 1996. The TC21 oncoprotein interacts with the Ral guanosine nucleotide dissociation factor. Oncogene 12:463–470.
  • Marte, B. M., P. RodriguezViciana, S. Wennstrom, P. H. Warne, and J. Downward. 1997. R-Ras can activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase but not the MAP kinase arm of the Ras effector pathways. Curr. Biol. 7:63–70.
  • Miller, M. J., S. Prigent, E. Kupperman, L. Rioux, S. H. Park, J. R. Feramisco, M. A. White, J. L. Rutkowski, and J. L. Meinkoth. 1997. RalGDS functions in Ras- and cAMP-mediated growth stimulation. J. Biol. Chem. 272:5600–5605.
  • Movilla, N., P. Crespo, and X. R. Bustelo. 1999. Signal transduction elements of TC21, an oncogenic member of the R-Ras subfamily of GTP-binding proteins. Oncogene 18:5860–5869.
  • Nobes, C. D., P. Hawkins, L. Stephens, and A. Hall. 1995. Activation of the small GTP-binding proteins rho and rac by growth factor receptors. J. Cell Sci. 108:225–233.
  • Quilliam, L. A., A. F. Castro, K. S. Rogers-Graham, C. B. Martin, C. J. Der, and C. Bi. 1999. M-Ras/R-Ras3, a transforming ras protein regulated by Sos1, GRF1, and p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein, interacts with the putative Ras effector AF6. J. Biol. Chem. 274:23850–23857.
  • Reif, K., C. D. Nobes, G. Thomas, A. Hall, and D. A. Cantrell. 1996. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signals activate a selective subset of Rac/Rho-dependent effector pathways. Curr. Biol. 6:1445–1455.
  • Rey, I., P. Taylor-Harris, H. van Erp, and A. Hall. 1994. R-ras interacts with rasGAP, neurofibromin and c-raf but does not regulate cell growth or differentiation. Oncogene 9:685–692.
  • RodriguezViciana, P., P. H. Warne, R. Dhand, B. Vanhaesebroeck, I. Gout, M. Fry, M. D. Waterfield, and J. Downward. 1994. Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras. Nature 370:527–532.
  • RodriguezViciana, P., P. H. Warne, A. Khwaja, B. M. Marte, D. Pappin, P. Das, M. D. Waterfield, A. Ridley, and J. Downward. 1997. Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras. Cell 89:457–467.
  • RodriguezViciana, P., P. H. Warne, B. Vanhaesebroeck, M. D. Waterfield, and J. Downward. 1996. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by interaction with Ras and by point mutation. EMBO J. 15:2442–2451.
  • Rosário, M., H. F. Paterson, and C. J. Marshall. 1999. Activation of the Raf/MAP kinase cascade by the Ras-related protein TC21 is required for the TC21-mediated transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. EMBO J. 18:1270–1279.
  • Rubio, I., P. RodriguezViciana, J. Downward, and R. Wetzker. 1997. Interaction of Ras with phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. Biochem. J. 326:891–895.
  • Spaargaren, M., and J. R. Bischof. 1994. Identification of the guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for Ral as a putative effector molecule of R-ras, H-ras and Rap. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12609–12613.
  • Stacey, D. W., S. R. De Gudicibus, and M. R. Smith. 1987. Cellular ras activity and tumor cell proliferation. Exp. Cell Res. 171:232–242.
  • Urano, T., R. Emkey, and L. A. Feig. 1996. Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signalling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation. EMBO J. 15:810–816.
  • Walker, E. H., O. Perisic, C. Ried, L. Stephens, and R. L. Williams. 1999. Structural insights into phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalysis and signalling. Nature 402:313–320.
  • Watton, S. J., and J. Downward. 1999. Akt/PKB localisation and 3′ phosphoinositide generation at sites of epithelial cell-matrix and cell-cell interaction. Curr. Biol. 9:433–436.
  • Wennstrom, S., P. Hawkins, F. Cooke, K. Hara, K. Yonezawa, M. Kasuga, T. Jackson, L. Claesson Welsh, and L. Stephens. 1994. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase is required for PDGF-stimulated membrane ruffling. Curr. Biol. 4:385–393.
  • White, M. A., C. Nicolette, A. Minden, A. Polverino, L. Van Aelst, M. Karin, and M. Wigler. 1995. Multiple ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation. Cell 80:533–541.
  • White, M. A., T. Vale, J. H. Camonis, E. Schaefer, and M. H. Wigler. 1996. A role for the Ral guanine-nucleotide dissociation stimulator in mediating Ras-induced transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:16439–16442.
  • Wolthuis, R. M., B. Bauer, L. J. van't Veer, A. M. de Vries Smits, R. H. Cool, M. Spaargaren, A. Wittinghofer, B. M. Burgering, and J. L. Bos. 1996. RalGDS-like factor (Rlf) is a novel Ras and Rap 1A-associating protein. Oncogene 13:353–362.
  • Wolthuis, R. M., N. D. de Ruiter, R. H. Cool, and J. L. Bos. 1997. Stimulation of gene induction and cell growth by the Ras effector Rlf. EMBO J. 16:6748–6761.
  • Wolthuis, R. M., B. Franke, M. van Triest, B. Bauer, R. H. Cool, J. H. Camonis, J. W. Akkerman, and J. L. Bos. 1998. Activation of the small GTPase Ral in platelets. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:2486–2491.
  • Yao, R. J., and G. M. Cooper. 1995. Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor. Science 267:2003–2006.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.