β-Catenin Binds to the Activation Function 2 Region of the Androgen Receptor and Modulates the Effects of the N-Terminal Domain and TIF2 on Ligand-Dependent Transcription

REFERENCES

• Aarnisalo, P., J. J. Palvimo, and O. A. Janne. 1998. CREB-binding protein in androgen receptor-mediated signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 2122–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi, M., R. Takayanagi, A. Tomura, K. Imasaki, S. Kato, K. Goto, T. Yanase, S. Ikuyama, and H. Nawata. 2000. Androgen-insensitivity syndrome as a possible coactivator disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 856–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, N., P. J. Morin, and H. Clevers. 2000. The yin-yang of TCF/beta-catenin signaling. Adv. Cancer Res. 77: 1–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrack, E. R. 1996. Androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 63: 403–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bevan, C. L., S. Hoare, F. Claessens, D. M. Heery, and M. G. Parker. 1999. The AF1 and AF-2 domains of the androgen receptor interact with distinct regions of SRC1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 8383–8392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorklund, S., G. Almouzni, I. Davidson, K. P. Nightingale, and K. Weiss. 1999. Global transcription regulators of eukaryotes. Cell 96: 759–767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byers, S., M. Pishvaian, C. Crockett, C. Peer, A. Tozeren, M. Sporn, M. Anzano, and R. Lechleider. 1996. Retinoids increase cell-cell adhesion strength, beta-catenin protein stability, and localization to the cell membrane in a breast cancer cell line: a role for serine kinase activity. Endocrinology 137: 3265–3273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castagnaro, M., D. W. Yandell, B. Dockhorn-Dworniczak, H. J. Wolfe, and C. Poremba. 1993. Androgen receptor gene mutations and p53 gene analysis in advanced prostate cancer. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 77: 119–123. (In German.)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chesire, D. R., C. M. Ewing, J. Sauvageot, G. S. Bova, and W. B. Isaacs. 2000. Detection and analysis of beta-catenin mutations in prostate cancer. Prostate 45: 323–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culig, Z., A. Hobisch, A. Hittmair, M. V. Cronauer, C. Radmayr, G. Bartsch, and H. Klocker. 1997. Androgen receptor gene mutations in prostate cancer. Implications for disease progression and therapy. Drugs Aging 10: 50–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darimont, B. D., R. L. Wagner, J. W. Apriletti, M. R. Stallcup, P. J. Kushner, J. D. Baxter, R. J. Fletterick, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1998. Structure and specificity of nuclear receptor-coactivator interactions. Genes Dev. 12: 3343–3356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easwaran, V., M. Pishvaian, Salimuddin, and S. Byers. 1999. Cross-regulation of beta-catenin-LEF/TCF and retinoid signaling pathways. Curr. Biol. 9: 1415–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklof, S. K., S. G. Fridman, and W. I. Weis. 2001. Molecular mechanisms of beta-catenin recognition by adenomatous polyposis coli revealed by the structure of an APC-beta-catenin complex. EMBO J. 20: 6203–6212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freedman, L. P. 1999. Increasing the complexity of coactivation in nuclear receptor signaling. Cell 97: 5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., D. W. Rose, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1997. Nuclear receptor coactivators. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9: 222–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, T. A., C. Weaver, F. Mao, D. Kimelman, and W. Xu. 2000. Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/Tcf complex. Cell 103: 885–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, C. W., B. He, R. T. Johnson, O. H. Ford, J. L. Mohler, F. S. French, and E. M. Wilson. 2001. A mechanism for androgen receptor-mediated prostate cancer recurrence after androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer Res. 61: 4315–4319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, C. W., R. T. Johnson, Jr., J. L. Mohler, F. S. French, and E. M. Wilson. 2001. Androgen receptor stabilization in recurrent prostate cancer is associated with hypersensitivity to low androgen. Cancer Res. 61: 2892–2898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, B., J. A. Kemppainen, J. J. Voegel, H. Gronemeyer, and E. M. Wilson. 1999. Activation function 2 in the human androgen receptor ligand binding domain mediates interdomain communication with the NH2-terminal domain. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 37219–37225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, B., J. A. Kemppainen, and E. M. Wilson. 2000. FXXLF and WXXLF sequences mediate the NH2-terminal interaction with the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 22986–22994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht, A., K. Vleminckx, M. P. Stemmler, F. van Roy, and R. Kemler. 2000. The p300/CBP acetyltransferases function as transcriptional coactivators of beta-catenin in vertebrates. EMBO J. 19: 1839–1850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, K. B., T. A. Jackson, D. L. Bain, J. K. Richer, G. S. Takimoto, and L. Tung. 1996. Nuclear receptor coactivators and corepressors. Mol. Endocrinol. 10: 1167–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, A. H., W. J. Nelson, and W. I. Weis. 1997. Three-dimensional structure of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin. Cell 90: 871–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, A. H., and W. I. Weis. 2001. The structure of the beta-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the molecular basis of diverse ligand recognition by beta-catenin. Cell 105: 391–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, C., and C. V. Hodges. 1941. Studies on prostatic cancer; effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1: 293–297.
   Google Scholar
• Huggins, C., R. E. Stevens, and C. L. Hodges. 1941. Studies on prostatic cancer II. The effect of castration on clinical patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Arch. Surg. 43: 209.
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto, P., T. Visakorpi, and O. P. Kallioniemi. 1996. Androgen receptor gene amplification: a novel molecular mechanism for endocrine therapy resistance in human prostate cancer. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl. 226: 57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langley, E., Z. X. Zhou, and E. M. Wilson. 1995. Evidence for an anti-parallel orientation of the ligand-activated human androgen receptor dimer. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 29983–29990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangelsdorf, D. J., C. Thummel, M. Beato, P. Herrlich, G. Schutz, K. Umesono, B. Blumberg, P. Kastner, M. Mark, and P. Chambon. 1995. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 83: 835–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcelli, M., M. Ittmann, S. Mariani, R. Sutherland, R. Nigam, L. Murthy, Y. Zhao, D. DiConcini, E. Puxeddu, A. Esen, J. Eastham, N. L. Weigel, and D. J. Lamb. 2000. Androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 60: 944–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matias, P. M., P. Donner, R. Coelho, M. Thomaz, C. Peixoto, S. Macedo, N. Otto, S. Joschko, P. Scholz, A. Wegg, S. Basler, M. Schafer, U. Egner, and M. A. Carrondo. 2000. Structural evidence for ligand specificity in the binding domain of the human androgen receptor. Implications for pathogenic gene mutations. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 26164–26171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInerney, E. M., D. W. Rose, S. E. Flynn, S. Westin, T. M. Mullen, A. Krones, J. Inostroza, J. Torchia, R. T. Nolte, N. Assa-Munt, M. V. Milburn, C. K. Glass, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1998. Determinants of coactivator LXXLL motif specificity in nuclear receptor transcriptional activation. Genes Dev. 12: 3357–3368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi, Y., H. Uemura, K. Fujinami, K. Mikata, M. Harada, H. Kitamura, Y. Koizumi, and Y. Kubota. 2000. Fluorescence in situ hybridization evaluation of c-myc and androgen receptor gene amplification and chromosomal anomalies in prostate cancer in Japanese patients. Prostate 43: 225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, P. J. 1999. Beta-catenin signaling and cancer. Bioessays 21: 1021–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland, D. J., H. Cheng, K. Reid, P. S. Rennie, and C. C. Nelson. 2002. The androgen receptor can promote beta-catenin nuclear translocation independently of adenomatous polyposis coli. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 17933–17943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newmark, J. R., D. O. Hardy, D. C. Tonb, B. S. Carter, J. I. Epstein, W. B. Isaacs, T. R. Brown, and E. R. Barrack. 1992. Androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6319–6323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte, R. T., G. B. Wisely, S. Westin, J. E. Cobb, M. H. Lambert, R. Kurokawa, M. G. Rosenfeld, T. M. Willson, C. K. Glass, and M. V. Milburn. 1998. Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Nature 395: 137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlowski, J. E., J. R. Ertel, M. P. Allen, M. Xu, C. Butler, E. M. Wilson, and M. E. Wierman. 2002. Liganded androgen receptor interaction with beta-catenin: nuclear co-localization and modulation of transcriptional activity in neuronal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 20702–20710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley, C. A., A. De Bellis, K. B. Marschke, M. K. el Awady, E. M. Wilson, and F. S. French. 1995. Androgen receptor defects: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives. Endocr. Rev. 16: 271–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimm, D. L., E. R. Koslov, P. Kebriaei, C. D. Cianci, and J. S. Morrow. 1995. Alpha 1(E)-catenin is an actin-binding and -bundling protein mediating the attachment of F-actin to the membrane adhesion complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8813–8817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack, J. S., K. F. Kish, C. Wang, R. M. Attar, S. E. Kiefer, Y. An, G. Y. Wu, J. E. Scheffler, M. E. Salvati, S. R. Krystek, Jr., R. Weinmann, and H. M. Einspahr. 2001. Crystallographic structures of the ligand-binding domains of the androgen receptor and its T877A mutant complexed with the natural agonist dihydrotestosterone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 4904–4909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiau, A. K., D. Barstad, P. M. Loria, L. Cheng, P. J. Kushner, D. A. Agard, and G. L. Greene. 1998. The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen. Cell 95: 927–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simental, J. A., M. Sar, M. V. Lane, F. S. French, and E. M. Wilson. 1991. Transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 510–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Z., J. Pan, and S. P. Balk. 1997. Androgen receptor-associated protein complex binds upstream of the androgen-responsive elements in the promoters of human prostate-specific antigen and kallikrein 2 genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3318–3325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H., N. Sato, Y. Watabe, M. Masai, S. Seino, and J. Shimazaki. 1993. Androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 46: 759–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tago, K., T. Nakamura, M. Nishita, J. Hyodo, S. Nagai, Y. Murata, S. Adachi, S. Ohwada, Y. Morishita, H. Shibuya, and T. Akiyama. 2000. Inhibition of Wnt signaling by ICAT, a novel beta-catenin-interacting protein. Genes Dev. 14: 1741–1749.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taplin, M. E., G. J. Bubley, Y. J. Ko, E. J. Small, M. Upton, B. Rajeshkumar, and S. P. Balk. 1999. Selection for androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancers treated with androgen antagonist. Cancer Res. 59: 2511–2515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taplin, M. E., G. J. Bubley, T. D. Shuster, M. E. Frantz, A. E. Spooner, G. K. Ogata, H. N. Keer, and S. P. Balk. 1995. Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 1393–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J., F. Saatcioglu, O. A. Janne, and J. J. Palvimo. 2001. Disrupted amino- and carboxyl-terminal interactions of the androgen receptor are linked to androgen insensitivity. Mol. Endocrinol. 15: 923–935.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilley, W. D., G. Buchanan, T. E. Hickey, and J. M. Bentel. 1996. Mutations in the androgen receptor gene are associated with progression of human prostate cancer to androgen independence. Clin. Cancer Res. 2: 277–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovar, A., A. Sanchez-Capelo, J. D. Galindo, A. Cremades, and R. Penafiel. 1997. Antiandrogenic effect of RU-486 in the mouse kidney. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29: 361–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truica, C. I., S. Byers, and E. P. Gelmann. 2000. Beta-catenin affects androgen receptor transcriptional activity and ligand specificity. Cancer Res. 60: 4709–4713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visakorpi, T., E. Hyytinen, P. Koivisto, M. Tanner, R. Keinanen, C. Palmberg, A. Palotie, T. Tammela, J. Isola, and O. P. Kallioniemi. 1995. In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat. Genet. 9: 401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voegel, J. J., M. J. Heine, M. Tini, V. Vivat, P. Chambon, and H. Gronemeyer. 1998. The coactivator TIF2 contains three nuclear receptor-binding motifs and mediates transactivation through CBP binding-dependent and -independent pathways. EMBO J. 17: 507–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voegel, J. J., M. J. Heine, C. Zechel, P. Chambon, and H. Gronemeyer. 1996. TIF2, a 160 kDa transcriptional mediator for the ligand-dependent activation function AF-2 of nuclear receptors. EMBO J. 15: 3667–3675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voeller, H. J., C. I. Truica, and E. P. Gelmann. 1998. Beta-catenin mutations in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 58: 2520–2523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Kries, J. P., G. Winbeck, C. Asbrand, T. Schwarz-Romond, N. Sochnikova, A. Dell'Oro, J. Behrens, and W. Birchmeier. 2000. Hot spots in beta-catenin for interactions with LEF-1, conductin and APC. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7: 800–807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallen, M. J., M. Linja, K. Kaartinen, J. Schleutker, and T. Visakorpi. 1999. Androgen receptor gene mutations in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J. Pathol. 189: 559–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., and T. Uchida. 1997. Androgen receptor gene mutations in prostate cancer. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 88: 550–556. (In Japanese.)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe, M., H. Kakiuchi, H. Kato, T. Shiraishi, R. Yatani, T. Sugimura, and M. Nagao. 1996. APC gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 26: 77–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westin, S., R. Kurokawa, R. T. Nolte, G. B. Wisely, E. M. McInerney, D. W. Rose, M. V. Milburn, M. G. Rosenfeld, and C. K. Glass. 1998. Interactions controlling the assembly of nuclear-receptor heterodimers and co-activators. Nature 395: 199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F., X. Li, M. Sharma, C. Y. Sasaki, D. L. Longo, B. Lim, and Z. Sun. 2002. Linking beta-catenin to androgen-signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 11336–11344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarbrough, W. G., V. E. Quarmby, J. A. Simental, D. R. Joseph, M. Sar, D. B. Lubahn, K. L. Olsen, F. S. French, and E. M. Wilson. 1990. A single base mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes androgen insensitivity in the testicular feminized rat. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 8893–8900.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar