The Phospholipid Transfer Protein Gene Is a Liver X Receptor Target Expressed by Macrophages in Atherosclerotic Lesions

REFERENCES

• Albers, J. J., A. Y. Tu, B. Paigen, H. Chen, M. C. Cheung, and S. M. Marcovina. 1996. Transgenic mice expressing human phospholipid transfer protein have increased HDL/non-HDL cholesterol ratio. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 26: 262–267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berge, K. E., H. Tian, G. A. Graf, L. Yu, N. V. Grishin, J. Schultz, P. Kwiterovich, B. Shan, R. Barnes, and H. H. Hobbs. 2000. Accumulation of dietary cholesterol in sitosterolemia caused by mutations in adjacent ABC transporters. Science 290: 1771–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouly, M., D. Masson, B. Gross, X. C. Jiang, C. Fievet, G. Castro, A. R. Tall, J. C. Fruchart, B. Staels, L. Lagrost, and G. Luc. 2001. Induction of the phospholipid transfer protein gene accounts for the high density lipoprotein enlargement in mice treated with fenofibrate. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 25841–25847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, G., T. P. Beyer, X. P. Yang, R. J. Schmidt, Y. Zhang, W. R. Bensch, R. F. Kauffman, H. Gao, T. P. Ryan, Y. Liang, P. I. Eacho, and X. C. Jiang. 2002. Phospholipid transfer protein is regulated by liver X receptors in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 39561–39565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla, A., W. A. Boisvert, C. H. Lee, B. A. Laffitte, Y. Barak, S. B. Joseph, D. Liao, L. Nagy, P. A. Edwards, L. K. Curtiss, R. M. Evans, and P. Tontonoz. 2001. A PPAR gamma-LXR-ABCA1 pathway in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis. Mol. Cell 7: 161–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claudel, T., M. D. Leibowitz, C. Fievet, A. Tailleux, B. Wagner, J. J. Repa, G. Torpier, J. M. Lobaccaro, J. R. Paterniti, D. J. Mangelsdorf, R. A. Heyman, and J. Auwerx. 2001. Reduction of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice by activation of the retinoid X receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 2610–2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehnholm, S., K. W. van Dijk, B. van 't Hof, A. van der Zee, V. M. Olkkonen, M. Jauhiainen, M. Hofker, L. Havekes, and C. Ehnholm. 1998. Adenovirus mediated overexpression of human phospholipid transfer protein alters plasma HDL levels in mice. J. Lipid Res. 39: 1248–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foger, B., S. Santamarina-Fojo, R. D. Shamburek, C. L. Parrot, G. D. Talley, and H. B. Brewer, Jr. 1997. Plasma phospholipid transfer protein. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression in mice leads to decreased plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) and enhanced hepatic uptake of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters from HDL. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 27393–27400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass, C. K., and J. L. Witztum. 2001. Atherosclerosis: the road ahead. Cell 104: 503–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huuskonen, J., and C. Ehnholm. 2000. Phospholipid transfer protein in lipid metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11: 285–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaari, S., K. W. van Dijk, V. M. Olkkonen, A. van der Zee, J. Metso, L. Havekes, M. Jauhiainen, and C. Ehnholm. 2001. Dynamic changes in mouse lipoproteins induced by transiently expressed human phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP): importance of PLTP in prebeta-HDL generation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 128: 781–792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janowski, B. A., P. J. Willy, T. R. Devi, J. R. Falck, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 1996. An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXRα. Nature 383: 728–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauhiainen, M., J. Metso, R. Pahlman, S. Blomqvist, A. van Tol, and C. Ehnholm. 1993. Human plasma phospholipid transfer protein causes high density lipoprotein conversion. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 4032–4036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X., O. L. Francone, C. Bruce, R. Milne, J. Mar, A. Walsh, J. L. Breslow, and A. R. Tall. 1996. Increased prebeta-high density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein AI, and phospholipid in mice expressing the human phospholipid transfer protein and human apolipoprotein AI transgenes. J. Clin. Investig. 98: 2373–2380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang, X. C., C. Bruce, J. Mar, M. Lin, Y. Ji, O. L. Francone, and A. R. Tall. 1999. Targeted mutation of plasma phospholipid transfer protein gene markedly reduces high-density lipoprotein levels. J. Clin. Investig. 103: 907–914.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang, X. C., S. Qin, C. Qiao, K. Kawano, M. Lin, A. Skold, X. Xiao, and A. R. Tall. 2001. Apolipoprotein B secretion and atherosclerosis are decreased in mice with phospholipid-transfer protein deficiency. Nat. Med. 7: 847–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, S. B., B. A. Laffitte, P. H. Patel, M. A. Watson, K. E. Matsukuma, R. Walczak, J. L. Collins, T. F. Osborne, and P. Tontonoz. 2002. Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 11019–11025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, S. B., E. McKilligin, L. Pei, M. A. Watson, A. R. Collins, B. A. Laffitte, M. Chen, G. Noh, J. Goodman, G. N. Hagger, J. Tran, T. K. Tippin, X. Wang, A. J. Lusis, W. A. Hsueh, R. E. Law, J. L. Collins, T. M. Willson, and P. Tontonoz. 2002. Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 7604–7609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kast, H. R., C. M. Nguyen, C. J. Sinal, S. A. Jones, B. A. Laffitte, K. Reue, F. J. Gonzalez, T. M. Willson, and P. A. Edwards. 2001. Farnesoid X-activated receptor induces apolipoprotein C-II transcription: a molecular mechanism linking plasma triglyceride levels to bile acids. Mol. Endocrinol. 15: 1720–1728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffitte, B. A., H. R. Kast, C. M. Nguyen, A. M. Zavacki, D. D. Moore, and P. A. Edwards. 2000. Identification of the DNA binding specificity and potential target genes for the farnesoid X-activated receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 10638–10647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffitte, B. A., J. J. Repa, S. B. Joseph, D. C. Wilpitz, H. R. Kast, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and P. Tontonoz. 2001. LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 507–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffitte, B. A., and P. Tontonoz. 2002. Orphan nuclear receptors find a home in the arterial wall. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 4: 213–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehmann, J. M., S. A. Kliewer, L. B. Moore, T. A. Smith-Oliver, B. B. Oliver, J. L. Su, S. S. Sundseth, D. A. Winegar, D. E. Blanchard, T. A. Spencer, and T. M. Willson. 1997. Activation of the nuclear receptor LXR by oxysterols defines a new hormone response pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 3137–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie, J., R. de Crom, M. Jauhiainen, T. van Gent, R. van Haperen, L. Scheek, H. Jansen, C. Ehnholm, and A. van Tol. 2001. Evaluation of phospholipid transfer protein and cholesteryl ester transfer protein as contributors to the generation of pre beta-high-density lipoproteins. Biochem. J. 360: 379–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, T. T., J. J. Repa, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 2001. Orphan nuclear receptors as eLiXiRs and FiXeRs of sterol metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 37735–37738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusis, A. J. 2000. Atherosclerosis. Nature 407: 233–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, P. A., B. A. Laffitte, C. Desrumaux, S. B. Joseph, L. K. Curtiss, D. J. Mangelsdorf, P. Tontonoz, and P. A. Edwards. 2002. Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages: a critical role for the nuclear liver X receptors α and β. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 31900–31908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oram, J. F. 2002. Molecular basis of cholesterol homeostasis: lessons from Tangier disease and ABCA1. Trends Mol. Med. 8: 168–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peet, D. J., S. D. Turley, W. Ma, B. A. Janowski, J. M. Lobaccaro, R. E. Hammer, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 1998. Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXRα. Cell 93: 693–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repa, J. J., K. E. Berge, C. Pomajzl, J. A. Richardson, H. Hobbs, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 2002. Regulation of ATP-binding cassette sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 by the liver X receptors alpha and beta. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 18793–18800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repa, J. J., G. Liang, J. Ou, Y. Bashmakov, J. M. Lobaccaro, I. Shimomura, B. Shan, M. S. Brown, J. L. Goldstein, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 2000. Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRα and LXRβ. Genes Dev. 14: 2819–2830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repa, J. J., and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 2000. The role of orphan nuclear receptors in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16: 459–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repa, J. J., S. D. Turley, J. A. Lobaccaro, J. Medina, L. Li, K. Lustig, B. Shan, R. A. Heyman, J. M. Dietschy, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 2000. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science 289: 1524–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rye, K. A., M. A. Clay, and P. J. Barter. 1999. Remodelling of high density lipoproteins by plasma factors. Atherosclerosis 145: 227–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. R., H. Tu, A. Luk, J. J. Repa, J. C. Medina, L. Li, S. Schwendner, S. Wang, M. Thoolen, D. J. Mangelsdorf, K. D. Lustig, and B. Shan. 2000. Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Genes Dev. 14: 2831–2838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangirala, R., E. Bischoff, S. B. Joseph, B. Wagner, R. Walczak, B. A. Laffitte, C. L. Daige, D. Thomas, R. A. Heyman, D. J. Mangelsdorf, X. Wang, A. J. Lusis, P. Tontonoz, and I. Schulman. 2002. Identification of liver X receptors as macrophage inhibitors of atherosclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11896–11901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, A. Y., H. I. Nishida, and T. Nishida. 1993. High density lipoprotein conversion mediated by human plasma phospholipid transfer protein. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 23098–23105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urizar, N. L., D. H. Dowhan, and D. D. Moore. 2000. The farnesoid X-activated receptor mediates bile acid activation of phospholipid transfer protein gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 39313–39317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Haperen, R., A. van Tol, P. Vermeulen, M. Jauhiainen, T. van Gent, P. van den Berg, S. Ehnholm, F. Grosveld, A. van der Kamp, and R. de Crom. 2000. Human plasma phospholipid transfer protein increases the antiatherogenic potential of high density lipoproteins in transgenic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20: 1082–1088.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Tol, A. 2002. Phospholipid transfer protein. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13: 135–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkateswaran, A., B. A. Laffitte, S. B. Joseph, P. A. Mak, D. C. Wilpitz, P. A. Edwards, and P. Tontonoz. 2000. Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXRα. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 12097–12102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkateswaran, A., J. J. Repa, J. M. Lobaccaro, A. Bronson, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and P. A. Edwards. 2000. Human white/murine ABC8 mRNA levels are highly induced in lipid-loaded macrophages. A transcriptional role for specific oxysterols. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 14700–14707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa, T., H. Shimano, M. Amemiya-Kudo, N. Yahagi, A. H. Hasty, T. Matsuzaka, H. Okazaki, Y. Tamura, Y. Iizuka, K. Ohashi, J. Osuga, K. Harada, T. Gotoda, S. Kimura, S. Ishibashi, and N. Yamada. 2001. Identification of liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor as an activator of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 2991–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar