Glucocorticoids and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Cooperatively Regulate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene Expression

REFERENCES

• Aliprantis, A. O., Yang R. B., Mark M. R., Suggett S., Devaux B., Radolf J. D., Klimpel G. R., Godowski P., and Zychlinsky A.. 1999. Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2. Science 285:736–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, H., Yu Y., Zhang M., Xu H., Qi R., Yan X., Liu S., Wang W., Guo Z., Guo J., Qin Z., and Cao X.. 2002. Involvement of ERK, p38 and NF-kappaB signal transduction in regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse dendritic cells. Immunology 106:38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, L., and Karin M.. 2001. Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature 410:37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrousos, G. P. 1995. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1351–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang, T., and Ulevitch R. J.. 2001. Identification of hTLR10: a novel human Toll-like receptor preferentially expressed in immune cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1518:157–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cidlowski, J. A., Bellingham D. L., Powell-Oliver F. E., Lubahn D. B., and Sar M.. 1990. Novel antipeptide antibodies to the human glucocorticoid receptor: recognition of multiple receptor forms in vitro and distinct localization of cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1427–1437.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faure, E., Thomas L., Xu H., Medvedev A., Equils O., and Arditi M.. 2001. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and IFN-gamma induce Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 expression in human endothelial cells: role of NF-kappa B activation. J. Immunol. 166:2018–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flo, T. H., Halaas O., Torp S., Ryan L., Lien E., Dybdahl B., Sundan A., and Espevik T.. 2001. Differential expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in human cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69:474–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galon, J., Franchimont D., Hiroi N., Frey G., Boettner A., Ehrhart-Bornstein M., O'Shea J. J., Chrousos G. P., and Bornstein S. R.. 2002. Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells. FASEB J. 16:61–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., and Karin M.. 2002. Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell 109 Suppl:S81–S96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groner, B. 2002. Transcription factor regulation in mammary epithelial cells. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 23:25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, S., Kullmann M., Gast A., Ponta H., Rahmsdorf H. J., Herrlich P., and Cato A. C.. 1994. A distinct modulating domain in glucocorticoid receptor monomers in the repression of activity of the transcription factor AP-1. EMBO J. 13:4087–4095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmi, H., Takeuchi O., Kawai T., Kaisho T., Sato S., Sanjo H., Matsumoto M., Hoshino K., Wagner H., Takeda K., and Akira S.. 2000. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino, K., Takeuchi O., Kawai T., Sanjo H., Ogawa T., Takeda Y., Takeda K., and Akira S.. 1999. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J. Immunol. 162:3749–3752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imasato, A., Desbois-Mouthon C., Han J., Kai H., Cato A. C., Akira S., and Li J. D.. 2002. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by glucocorticoids via induction of MAPK phosphatase-1 enhances nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced expression of toll-like receptor 2. J. Biol. Chem. 277:47444–47450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabotyanski, E. B., and Rosen J. M.. 2003. Signal transduction pathways regulated by prolactin and Src result in different conformations of activated Stat5b. J. Biol. Chem. 278:17218–17827.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lagow, E. L., and Carson D. D.. 2002. Synergistic stimulation of MUC1 expression in normal breast epithelia and breast cancer cells by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Cell. Biochem. 86:759–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasa, M., Abraham S. M., Boucheron C., Saklatvala J., and Clark A. R.. 2002. Dexamethasone causes sustained expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 and phosphatase-mediated inhibition of MAPK p38. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:7802–7811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., Lee H., Berg A. H., Lisanti M. P., Shapiro L., and Scherer P. E.. 2000. The lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 induces synthesis of the closely related receptor TLR-2 in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 275:24255–24263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuguchi, T., Musikacharoen T., Ogawa T., and Yoshikai Y.. 2000. Gene expressions of Toll-like receptor 2, but not Toll-like receptor 4, is induced by LPS and inflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages. J. Immunol. 165:5767–5772.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumura, T., Ito A., Takii T., Hayashi H., and Onozaki K.. 2000. Endotoxin and cytokine regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 gene expression in murine liver and hepatocytes. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 20:915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, L. I., and Cidlowski J. A.. 1998. Cross-talk between nuclear factor-kappa B and the steroid hormone receptors: mechanisms of mutual antagonism. Mol. Endocrinol. 12:45–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov, R., and Janeway C. A., Jr. 1997. Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 91:295–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musikacharoen, T., Matsuguchi T., Kikuchi T., and Yoshikai Y.. 2001. NF-kappa B and STAT5 play important roles in the regulation of mouse Toll-like receptor 2 gene expression. J. Immunol. 166:4516–4524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen, R. M., and Yamamoto K. R.. 2000. The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NFkappaB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain. Genes Dev. 14:2314–2329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quandt, K., Frech K., Karas H., Wingender E., and Werner T.. 1995. MatInd and MatInspector: new fast and versatile tools for detection of consensus matches in nucleotide sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:4878–4884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock, F. L., Hardiman G., Timans J. C., Kastelein R. A., and Bazan J. F.. 1998. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinman, R. I., Cogswell P. C., Lofquist A. K., and Baldwin A. S., Jr. 1995. Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Science 270:283–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuto, T., Imasato A., Jono H., Sakai A., Xu H., Watanabe T., Rixter D. D., Kai H., Andalibi A., Linthicum F., Guan Y. L., Han J., Cato A. C., Lim D. J., Akira S., and Li J. D.. 2002. Glucocorticoids synergistically enhance nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced Toll-like receptor 2 expression via a negative cross-talk with p38 MAP kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 277:17263–17270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, B., Baldwin A. S., Jr., Ballard D. W., Greene W. C., Angel P., and Herrlich P.. 1993. Cross-coupling of the NF-kappa B p65 and Fos/Jun transcription factors produces potentiated biological function. EMBO J. 12:3879–3891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocklin, E., Wissler M., Gouilleux F., and Groner B.. 1996. Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature 383:726–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoecklin, E., Wissler M., Moriggl R., and Groner B.. 1997. Specific DNA binding of Stat5, but not of glucocorticoid receptor, is required for their functional cooperation in the regulation of gene transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6708–6716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoecklin, E., Wissler M., Schaetzle D., Pfitzner E., and Groner B.. 1999. Interactions in the transcriptional regulation exerted by Stat5 and by members of the steroid hormone receptor family. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 69:195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, O., Hoshino K., Kawai T., Sanjo H., Takada H., Ogawa T., Takeda K., and Akira S.. 1999. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11:443–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, O., Kawai T., Sanjo H., Copeland N. G., Gilbert D. J., Jenkins N. A., Takeda K., and Akira S.. 1999. TLR6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family. Gene 231:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Dziarski R., Kirschning C. J., Muzio M., and Gupta D.. 2001. Micrococci and peptidoglycan activate TLR2→MyD88→IRAK→TRAF→NIK→IKK→NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway that induces transcription of interleukin-8. Infect. Immun. 69:2270–2276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder, R. L. 1995. Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:307–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyszomierski, S. L., Yeh J., and Rosen J. M.. 1999. Glucocorticoid receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) interactions enhance STAT5 activation by prolonging STAT5 DNA binding and tyrosine phosphorylation. Mol. Endocrinol. 13:330–343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar