Activation of a DNA Damage Checkpoint Response in a TAF1-Defective Cell Line

REFERENCES

• Abraham, R. T. 2001. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. Genes Dev. 15:2177–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakkenist, C. J., and Kastan M. B.. 2003. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 421:499–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, S. M., Leung C. G., Chang E. E., and Cimprich K. A.. 2003. ATR kinase activity regulates the intranuclear translocation of ATR and RPA following ionizing radiation. Curr. Biol. 13:1047–1051.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackwell, T. K., Moore M. W., Yancopoulos G. D., Suh H., Lutzker S., Selsing E., and Alt F. W.. 1986. Recombination between immunoglobulin variable region gene segments is enhanced by transcription. Nature 324:585–589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blasina, A., Price B. D., Turenne G. A., and McGowan C. H.. 1999. Caffeine inhibits the checkpoint kinase ATM. Curr. Biol. 9:1135–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury, J. M., and Jackson S. P.. 2003. ATM and ATR. Curr. Biol. 13:R468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burma, S., Chen B. P., Murphy M., Kurimasa A., and Chen D. J.. 2001. ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks. J. Biol. Chem. 276:42462–42467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chehab, N. H., Malikzay A., Stavridi E. S., and Halazonetis T. D.. 1999. Phosphorylation of Ser-20 mediates stabilization of human p53 in response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:13777–13782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. L., Attardi L. D., Verrijzer C. P., Yokomori K., and Tjian R.. 1994. Assembly of recombinant TFIID reveals differential coactivator requirements for distinct transcriptional activators. Cell 79:93–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cliby, W. A., Roberts C. J., Cimprich K. A., Stringer C. M., Lamb J. R., Schreiber S. L., and Friend S. H.. 1998. Overexpression of a kinase-inactive ATR protein causes sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and defects in cell cycle checkpoints. EMBO J. 17:159–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortez, D., Guntuku S., Qin J., and Elledge S. J.. 2001. ATR and ATRIP: partners in checkpoint signaling. Science 294:1713–1716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikstein, R., Ruppert S., and Tjian R.. 1996. TAFII250 is a bipartite protein kinase that phosphorylates the basal transcription factor RAP74. Cell 84:781–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drapkin, R., Reardon J. T., Ansari A., Huang J. C., Zawel L., Ahn K., Sancar A., and Reinberg D.. 1994. Dual role of TFIIH in DNA excision repair and in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Nature 368:769–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunphy, E. L., Johnson T., Auerbach S. S., and Wang E. H.. 2000. Requirement for TAFII250 acetyltransferase activity in cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:1134–1139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feaver, W. J., Svejstrup J. Q., Henry N. L., and Kornberg R. D.. 1994. Relationship of CDK-activating kinase and RNA polymerase II CTD kinase TFIIH/TFIIK. Cell 79:1103–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall-Jackson, C. A., Cross D. A., Morrice N., and Smythe C.. 1999. ATR is a caffeine-sensitive, DNA-activated protein kinase with a substrate specificity distinct from DNA-PK. Oncogene 18:6707–6713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, E. M., Denko N. C., Dorie M. J., Abraham R. T., and Giaccia A. J.. 2002. Hypoxia links ATR and p53 through replication arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:1834–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton, T. L., and Wang E. H.. 2003. Transcription factor IID recruitment and Sp1 activation: dual function of TAF1 in cyclin D1 transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 278:12992–13002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, S., Qu L. K., Cuddihy A. R., Ragheb R., Taya Y., and Koromilas A. E.. 2003. Protein kinase inhibitor 2-aminopurine overrides multiple genotoxic stress-induced cellular pathways to promote cell survival. Oncogene 22:3721–3733.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang, J. R., Moncollin V., Vermeulen W., Seroz T., van Vuuren H., Hoeijmakers J. H., and Egly J. M.. 1996. A 3′ → 5′ XPB helicase defect in repair/transcription factor TFIIH of xeroderma pigmentosum group B affects both DNA repair and transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 271:15898–15904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhof, A., Yang X. J., Ogryzko V. V., Nakatani Y., Wolffe A. P., and Ge H.. 1997. Acetylation of general transcription factors by histone acetyltransferases. Curr. Biol. 7:689–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauster, R., Reynaud C. A., Martensson I. L., Peter A., Bucchini D., Jami J., and Weill J. C.. 1993. Promoter, enhancer and silencer elements regulate rearrangement of an immunoglobulin transgene. EMBO J. 12:4615–4623.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leung, W., Chen A. R., Klann R. C., Moss T. J., Davis J. M., Noga S. J., Cohen K. J., Friedman A. D., Small D., Schwartz C. L., Borowitz M. J., Wharam M. D., Paidas C. N., Long C. A., Karandish S., McMannis J. D., Kastan M. B., and Civin C. I.. 1998. Frequent detection of tumor cells in hematopoietic grafts in neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 22:971–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Guntuku S., Cui X. S., Matsuoka S., Cortez D., Tamai K., Luo G., Carattini-Rivera S., DeMayo F., Bradley A., Donehower L. A., and Elledge S. J.. 2000. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 14:1448–1459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ljungman, M., Zhang F., Chen F., Rainbow A. J., and McKay B. C.. 1999. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II as a trigger for the p53 response. Oncogene 18:583–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizzen, C. A., Yang X. J., Kokubo T., Brownell J. E., Bannister A. J., Owen-Hughes T., Workman J., Wang L., Berger S. L., Kouzarides T., Nakatani Y., and Allis C. D.. 1996. The TAFII250 subunit of TFIID has histone acetyltransferase activity. Cell 87:1261–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, S. E., Lovly C., Pandita T. K., Shiloh Y., and Kastan M. B.. 1997. Fragments of ATM which have dominant-negative or complementing activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:2020–2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto, T., Sekiguchi T., Kai R., Yamashita K., Takahashi T., and Sekiguchi M.. 1982. Large-scale selection and analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants for cell reproduction from BHK cells. Somatic Cell Genet. 8:811–824.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien, T., and Tjian R.. 2000. Different functional domains of TAFII250 modulate expression of distinct subsets of mammalian genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2456–2461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien, T., and Tjian R.. 1998. Functional analysis of the human TAFII250 N-terminal kinase domain. Mol. Cell 1:905–911.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paull, T. T., Rogakou E. P., Yamazaki V., Kirchgessner C. U., Gellert M., and Bonner W. M.. 2000. A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage. Curr. Biol. 10:886–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruppert, S., Wang E. H., and Tjian R.. 1993. Cloning and expression of human TAFII250: a TBP-associated factor implicated in cell-cycle regulation. Nature 362:175–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rushton, J. J., Steinman R. A., and Robbins P. D.. 1997. Differential regulation of transcription of p21 and cyclin D1 conferred by TAFII250. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1099–1104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarkaria, J. N., Busby E. C., Tibbetts R. S., Roos P., Taya Y., Karnitz L. M., and Abraham R. T.. 1999. Inhibition of ATM and ATR kinase activities by the radiosensitizing agent, caffeine. Cancer Res. 59:4375–4382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauve, G. J., Shen Y. M., Zannis-Hadjopoulos M., Chang C. D., Baserga R., and Hand R.. 1987. Isolation of a human sequence which complements a mammalian G1-specific temperature-sensitive mutant of the cell cycle. Oncogene Res. 1:137–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sekiguchi, T., Miyata T., and Nishimoto T.. 1988. Molecular cloning of the cDNA of human X chromosomal gene (CCG1) which complements the temperature-sensitive G1 mutants, tsBN462 and ts13, of the BHK cell line. EMBO J. 7:1683–1687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sekiguchi, T., Noguchi E., Hayashida T., Nakashima T., Toyoshima H., Nishimoto T., and Hunter T.. 1996. D-type cyclin expression is decreased and p21 and p27 CDK inhibitor expression is increased when tsBN462 CCG1/TAFII250 mutant cells arrest in G1 at the restrictive temperature. Genes Cells 1:687–705.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serizawa, H., Makela T. P., Conaway J. W., Conaway R. C., Weinberg R. A., and Young R. A.. 1995. Association of Cdk-activating kinase subunits with transcription factor TFIIH. Nature 374:280–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh, S. Y., Ahn J., Tamai K., Taya Y., and Prives C.. 2000. The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage-inducible sites. Genes Dev. 14:289–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh, S. Y., Ikeda M., Taya Y., and Prives C.. 1997. DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53 alleviates inhibition by MDM2. Cell 91:325–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiekhattar, R., Mermelstein F., Fisher R. P., Drapkin R., Dynlacht B., Wessling H. C., Morgan D. O., and Reinberg D.. 1995. Cdk-activating kinase complex is a component of human transcription factor TFIIH. Nature 374:283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, S., and Srienc F.. 1996. Quantitative analysis of transient gene expression in mammalian cells using the green fluorescent protein. J. Biotechnol. 49:137–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugano, T., Nitta M., Ohmori H., and Yamaizumi M.. 1995. Nuclear accumulation of p53 in normal human fibroblasts is induced by various cellular stresses which evoke the heat shock response, independently of the cell cycle. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86:415–418.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki-Yagawa, Y., Guermah M., and Roeder R. G.. 1997. The ts13 mutation in the TAFII250 subunit (CCG1) of TFIID directly affects transcription of D-type cyclin genes in cells arrested in G1 at the nonpermissive temperature. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:3284–3294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talavera, A., and Basilico C.. 1977. Temperature sensitive mutants of BHK cells affected in cell cycle progression. J. Cell. Physiol. 92:425–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tibbetts, R. S., Brumbaugh K. M., Williams J. M., Sarkaria J. N., Cliby W. A., Shieh S. Y., Taya Y., Prives C., and Abraham R. T.. 1999. A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53. Genes Dev. 13:152–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbetts, R. S., Cortez D., Brumbaugh K. M., Scully R., Livingston D., Elledge S. J., and Abraham R. T.. 2000. Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress. Genes Dev. 14:2989–3002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voelkel-Meiman, K., Keil R. L., and Roeder G. S.. 1987. Recombination-stimulating sequences in yeast ribosomal DNA correspond to sequences regulating transcription by RNA polymerase I. Cell 48:1071–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, E. H., and Tjian R.. 1994. Promoter-selective transcriptional defect in cell cycle mutant ts13 rescued by hTAFII250. Science 263:811–814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, E. H., Zou S., and Tjian R.. 1997. TAFII250-dependent transcription of cyclin A is directed by ATF activator proteins. Genes Dev. 11:2658–2669.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Z., Svejstrup J. Q., Feaver W. J., Wu X., Kornberg R. D., and Friedberg E. C.. 1994. Transcription factor b (TFIIH) is required during nucleotide-excision repair in yeast. Nature 368:74–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward, I. M., and Chen J.. 2001. Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress. J. Biol. Chem. 276:47759–47762.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wasylyk, C., and Wasylyk B.. 2000. Defect in the p53-Mdm2 autoregulatory loop resulting from inactivation of TAFII250 in cell cycle mutant tsBN462 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:5554–5570.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright, J. A., Keegan K. S., Herendeen D. R., Bentley N. J., Carr A. M., Hoekstra M. F., and Concannon P.. 1998. Protein kinase mutants of human ATR increase sensitivity to UV and ionizing radiation and eliminate cell cycle checkpoint control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:7445–7450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, T. C., and Lichten M.. 1994. Meiosis-induced double-strand break sites determined by yeast chromatin structure. Science 263:515–518.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zou, L., and Elledge S. J.. 2003. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science 300:1542–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar