Transcriptional Coactivator PC4 Stimulates Promoter Escape and Facilitates Transcriptional Synergy by GAL4-VP16

REFERENCES

• Akhtar, A., Faye G., and Bentley D. L.. 1996. Distinct activated and non-activated RNA polymerase II complexes in yeast. EMBO J. 15:4654–4664.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berk, A. J. 1999. Activation of RNA polymerase II transcription. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11:330–335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandsen, J., Werten S., van der Vliet P. C., Meisterernst M., Kroon J., and Gros P.. 1997. C-terminal domain of transcription cofactor PC4 reveals dimeric ssDNA binding site. Nat. Struct. Biol. 4:900–903.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, C. E., Lechner T., Howe L., and Workman J. L.. 2000. The many HATs of transcription coactivators. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25:15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, K. M., Terrell A. R., Laybourn P. J., and Lumb K. J.. 2000. Intrinsic structural disorder of the C-terminal activation domain from the bZIP transcription factor Fos. Biochemistry 39:2708–2713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, M., Lin Y. S., Green M. R., and Ptashne M.. 1990. A mechanism for synergistic activation of a mammalian gene by GAL4 derivatives. Nature 345:361–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chi, T., and Carey M.. 1996. Assembly of the isomerized TFIIA-TFIID-TATA ternary complex is necessary and sufficient for gene activation. Genes Dev. 10:2540–2550.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chi, T., Lieberman P., Ellwood K., and Carey M.. 1995. A general mechanism for transcriptional synergy by eukaryotic activators. Nature 377:254–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlman-Wright, K., Baumann H., McEwan I. J., Almlof T., Wright A. P., Gustafsson J. A., and Hard T.. 1995. Structural characterization of a minimal functional transactivation domain from the human glucocorticoid receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1699–1703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukuda, A., Nogi Y., and Hisatake K.. 2002. The regulatory role for the ERCC3 helicase of general transcription factor TFIIH during promoter escape in transcriptional activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:1206–1211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukuda, A., Tokonabe S., Hamada M., Matsumoto M., Tsukui T., Nogi Y., and Hisatake K.. 2003. Alleviation of PC4-mediated transcriptional repression by the ERCC3 helicase activity of general transcription factor TFIIH. J. Biol. Chem. 278:14827–14831.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukuda, A., Yamauchi J., Wu S. Y., Chiang C. M., Muramatsu M., and Hisatake K.. 2001. Reconstitution of recombinant TFIIH that can mediate activator-dependent transcription. Genes Cells 6:707–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ge, H., and Roeder R. G.. 1994. Purification, cloning, and characterization of a human coactivator, PC4, that mediates transcriptional activation of class II genes. Cell 78:513–523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ge, H., Zhao Y., Chait B. T., and Roeder R. G.. 1994. Phosphorylation negatively regulates the function of coactivator PC4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12691–12695.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haviv, I., Vaizel D., and Shaul Y.. 1996. pX, the HBV-encoded coactivator, interacts with components of the transcription machinery and stimulates transcription in a TAF-independent manner. EMBO J. 15:3413–3420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, N. L., Bushnell D. A., and Kornberg R. D.. 1996. A yeast transcriptional stimulatory protein similar to human PC4. J. Biol. Chem. 271:21842–21847.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hori, R., and Carey M.. 1994. The role of activators in assembly of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:236–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito, M., and Roeder R. G.. 2001. The TRAP/SMCC/Mediator complex and thyroid hormone receptor function. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12:127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob, G. A., and Luse D. S.. 1996. GAL4-VP16 stimulates two RNA polymerase II promoters primarily at the preinitiation complex assembly step. Gene Expr. 5:193–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser, K., and Meisterernst M.. 1996. The human general co-factors. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:342–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser, K., Stelzer G., and Meisterernst M.. 1995. The coactivator p15 (PC4) initiates transcriptional activation during TFIIA-TFIID-promoter complex formation. EMBO J. 14:3520–3527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, T. K., Ebright R. H., and Reinberg D.. 2000. Mechanism of ATP-dependent promoter melting by transcription factor IIH. Science 288:1418–1422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knaus, R., Pollock R., and Guarente L.. 1996. Yeast SUB1 is a suppressor of TFIIB mutations and has homology to the human co-activator PC4. EMBO J. 15:1933–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, N., Boyer T. G., and Berk A. J.. 1995. A class of activation domains interacts directly with TFIIA and stimulates TFIIA-TFIID-promoter complex assembly. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6465–6473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi, N., Horn P. J., Sullivan S. M., Triezenberg S. J., Boyer T. G., and Berk A. J.. 1998. DA-complex assembly activity required for VP16C transcriptional activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:4023–4031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kraus, W. L., and Kadonaga J. T.. 1998. p300 and estrogen receptor cooperatively activate transcription via differential enhancement of initiation and reinitiation. Genes Dev. 12:331–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretzschmar, M., Kaiser K., Lottspeich F., and Meisterernst M.. 1994. A novel mediator of class II gene transcription with homology to viral immediate-early transcriptional regulators. Cell 78:525–534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krumm, A., Hickey L. B., and Groudine M.. 1995. Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II defines a general rate-limiting step after transcription initiation. Genes Dev. 9:559–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, K. P., Akoulitchev S., and Reinberg D.. 1998. Promoter-proximal stalling results from the inability to recruit transcription factor IIH to the transcription complex and is a regulated event. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9767–9772.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, H., Mok K. H., Muhandiram R., Park K. H., Suk J. E., Kim D. H., Chang J., Sung Y. C., Choi K. Y., and Han K. H.. 2000. Local structural elements in the mostly unstructured transcriptional activation domain of human p53. J. Biol. Chem. 275:29426–29432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. C., Park J. M., Min S., Han S. J., and Kim Y. J.. 1999. An activator binding module of yeast RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:2967–2976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, B., and Tjian R.. 2000. Orchestrated response: a symphony of transcription factors for gene control. Genes Dev. 14:2551–2569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, P. M., Ozer J., and Gursel D. B.. 1997. Requirement for transcription factor IIA (TFIIA)-TFIID recruitment by an activator depends on promoter structure and template competition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6624–6632.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin, Y. S., Carey M., Ptashne M., and Green M. R.. 1990. How different eukaryotic transcriptional activators can cooperate promiscuously. Nature 345:359–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin, Y. S., and Green M. R.. 1991. Mechanism of action of an acidic transcriptional activator in vitro. Cell 64:971–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, S., and Roeder R. G.. 2000. Transcriptional regulation through Mediator-like coactivators in yeast and metazoan cells. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25:277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, S., Wallberg A. E., Kang Y. K., and Roeder R. G.. 2002. TRAP/SMCC/mediator-dependent transcriptional activation from DNA and chromatin templates by orphan nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:5626–5637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisterernst, M., Roy A. L., Lieu H. M., and Roeder R. G.. 1991. Activation of class II gene transcription by regulatory factors is potentiated by a novel activity. Cell 66:981–993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moqtaderi, Z., Bai Y., Poon D., Weil P. A., and Struhl K.. 1996. TBP-associated factors are not generally required for transcriptional activation in yeast. Nature 383:188–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers, L. C., and Kornberg R. D.. 2000. Mediator of transcriptional regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69:729–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naar, A. M., Lemon B. D., and Tjian R.. 2001. Transcriptional coactivator complexes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70:475–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naar, A. M., Taatjes D. J., Zhai W., Nogales E., and Tjian R.. 2002. Human CRSP interacts with RNA polymerase II CTD and adopts a specific CTD-bound conformation. Genes Dev. 16:1339–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oelgeschlager, T., Tao Y., Kang Y. K., and Roeder R. G.. 1998. Transcription activation via enhanced preinitiation complex assembly in a human cell-free system lacking TAFIIs. Mol. Cell 1:925–931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan, Z. Q., Ge H., Amin A. A., and Hurwitz J.. 1996. Transcription-positive cofactor 4 forms complexes with HSSB (RPA) on single-stranded DNA and influences HSSB-dependent enzymatic synthesis of simian virus 40 DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 271:22111–22116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker, D., Jhala U. S., Radhakrishnan I., Yaffe M. B., Reyes C., Shulman A. I., Cantley L. C., Wright P. E., and Montminy M.. 1998. Analysis of an activator:coactivator complex reveals an essential role for secondary structure in transcriptional activation. Mol. Cell 2:353–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptashne, M. 1988. How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature 335:683–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptashne, M., and Gann A.. 1997. Transcriptional activation by recruitment. Nature 386:569–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadri, I., Conaway J. W., Conaway R. C., Schaack J., and Siddiqui A.. 1996. Hepatitis B virus transactivator protein, HBx, associates with the components of TFIIH and stimulates the DNA helicase activity of TFIIH. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10578–10583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeder, R. G. 1998. Role of general and gene-specific cofactors in the regulation of eukaryotic transcription. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 63:201–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roeder, R. G. 1996. The role of general initiation factors in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, M. L., dos Santos Silva M. A., Altmann H., Czisch M., Holak T. A., and Baeuerle P. A.. 1994. Structural and functional analysis of the NF-kappa B p65 C terminus. An acidic and modular transactivation domain with the potential to adopt an alpha-helical conformation. J. Biol. Chem. 269:25613–25620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, F., Triezenberg S. J., Hensley P., Porter D., and Knutson J. R.. 1996. Critical amino acids in the transcriptional activation domain of the herpesvirus protein VP16 are solvent-exposed in highly mobile protein segments. An intrinsic fluorescence study. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4819–4826.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen, F., Triezenberg S. J., Hensley P., Porter D., and Knutson J. R.. 1996. Transcriptional activation domain of the herpesvirus protein VP16 becomes conformationally constrained upon interaction with basal transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4827–4837.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shykind, B. M., Kim J., and Sharp P. A.. 1995. Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2. Genes Dev. 9:1354–1365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shykind, B. M., Kim J., Stewart L., Champoux J. J., and Sharp P. A.. 1997. Topoisomerase I enhances TFIID-TFIIA complex assembly during activation of transcription. Genes Dev. 11:397–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taatjes, D. J., Naar A. M., Andel III F., Nogales E., and Tjian R.. 2002. Structure, function, and activator-induced conformations of the CRSP coactivator. Science 295:1058–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uesugi, M., Nyanguile O., Lu H., Levine A. J., and Verdine G. L.. 1997. Induced alpha helix in the VP16 activation domain upon binding to a human TAF. Science 277:1310–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrijzer, C. P., and Tjian R.. 1996. TAFs mediate transcriptional activation and promoter selectivity. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:338–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. S., Reese J. C., Apone L. M., and Green M. R.. 1996. Transcription activation in cells lacking TAFIIS. Nature 383:185–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, W., Carey M., and Gralla J. D.. 1992. Polymerase II promoter activation: closed complex formation and ATP-driven start site opening. Science 255:450–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnmark, A., Wikstrom A., Wright A. P., Gustafsson J. A., and Hard T.. 2001. The N-terminal regions of estrogen receptor alpha and beta are unstructured in vitro and show different TBP binding properties. J. Biol. Chem. 276:45939–45944.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werten, S., Langen F. W., van Schaik R., Timmers H. T., Meisterernst M., and van der Vliet P. C.. 1998. High-affinity DNA binding by the C-terminal domain of the transcriptional coactivator PC4 requires simultaneous interaction with two opposing unpaired strands and results in helix destabilization. J. Mol. Biol. 276:367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werten, S., Stelzer G., Goppelt A., Langen F. M., Gros P., Timmers H. T., Van der Vliet P. C., and Meisterernst M.. 1998. Interaction of PC4 with melted DNA inhibits transcription. EMBO J. 17:5103–5111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, S. Y., Kershnar E., and Chiang C. M.. 1998. TAFII-independent activation mediated by human TBP in the presence of the positive cofactor PC4. EMBO J. 17:4478–4490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, L., Glass C. K., and Rosenfeld M. G.. 1999. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9:140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yankulov, K., Blau J., Purton T., Roberts S., and Bentley D. L.. 1994. Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II is stimulated by transactivators. Cell 77:749–759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yudkovsky, N., Ranish J. A., and Hahn S.. 2000. A transcription reinitiation intermediate that is stabilized by activator. Nature 408:225–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar