1
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gene Expression

The Promoter and First, Untranslated Exon of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Are GC rich but Lack Consensus Glucocorticoid Receptor Element Sites

, &
Pages 5580-5585 | Received 06 Mar 1990, Accepted 10 Jul 1990, Published online: 31 Mar 2023

Literature Cited

  • Akerblom, I. E., E. P. Slater, M. Beato, J. D. Baxter, and P. I. Mellon. 1988. Negative regulation by glucocorticoids through interference with a cAMP responsive enhancer. Science 241:350-353.
  • Antakly, T., E. B. Thompson, and D. O’Donnell. 1989. Demonstration of the intracellular localization and up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Cancer Res. 49:2230s-2234s.
  • Beato, M. 1989. Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56:335-44.
  • Becker, P. B., B. Gloss, W. Schmid, U. Strähle, and G. Schütz. 1986. In vivo protein-DNA interactions in a glucocorticoid response element require the presence of the hormone. Nature (London) 324:686-688.
  • Briggs, M. R., J. T. Kadonaga, S. P. Bell, and R. Tjian. 1986. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoterspecific transcription factor Spl. Science 234:47-52.
  • Cidlowski, J. A., and N. B. Cidlowski. 1981. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids in cultured HeLa S3 cells. Endocrinology 109:1975-1982.
  • Danielsen, M., and M. R. Stallcup. 1984. Down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in mouse lymphoma cell variants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:449-453.
  • Drouin, J., M. A. Trifiro, R. K. Plante, M. Nemer, P. Eriksson, and O. Wrange. 1989. Glucocorticoid receptor binding to a specific DNA sequence is required for hormone-dependent repression of pro-opimelanocortin gene transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5305-5314.
  • Dynan, W. S., and R. Tjian. 1985. Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Nature (London) 316:774-778.
  • Eisen, L. P., M. S. Elsasser, and J. M. Harmon. 1988. Positive regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human T-cells sensitive to the cytolytic effects of glucocorticoids. J. Biol. Chem. 263:12044-12048.
  • Evans, R. M. 1988. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889-895.
  • Faber, P. W., G. G. J. M. Kuiper, H. C. J. van Rooij, J. A. G. M. van der Korput, A. O. Brinkmann, and J. Trapmen. 1989. The N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor is encoded by one, large exon. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 61:257-262.
  • Giguere, V., J. M. Hollenberg, M. G. Rosenfeld, and R. M. Evans. 1986. Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 46:645-652.
  • Gilman, M. 1989. Ribonuclease protection assay, p. 4.7. In F. A. Ansubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl (ed.), Current protocols in molecular biology, vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
  • Gomi, M., K. Moriwaki, S. Katagiri, Y. Kurata, and E. B. Thompson. 1990. Glucocorticoid effects on myeloma cells in culture: correlation of growth inhibition with induction of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA. Cancer Res. 50:1873-1878.
  • Govindan, M. V., M. Burelle, C. Cantin, M. Devic, C. Labrie, F. Labrie, Y. Lachance, G. Leblanc, C. Lefebvre, P. Patel, J. Simard, and U. Stropp. 1987. Isolation and sequence of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter. Cloning of the human androgen receptor cDNA. Serono Symp. Publ. Raven Press 1987:187-209.
  • Green, S., P. Walter, V. Kumar, A. Krust, J.-M. Bornert, P. Argos, and P. Chambon. 1986. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature 320:134-139.
  • Harmon, J. M., M. S. Elsasser, L. P. Eisen, L. A. Urda, J. Ashraf, and E. B. Thompson. 1989. Glucocorticoid receptor expression in receptorless mutants isolated from the human leukemic cell line CEM-C7. Mol. Endocrinol. 3:734-743.
  • Hazel, T. G., D. Nathans, and L. F. Lau. 1988. A gene inducible by serum growth factors encodes a member of the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8444-8448.
  • Hollenberg, S. M., C. Weinberger, E. S. Ong, G. Cerelli, A. Oro, R. Lebo, E. B. Thompson, M. G. Rosenfeld, and R. M. Evans. 1985. Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature (London) 318:635-641.
  • Huckaby, C. S., O. M. Conneely, W. G. Beattie, A. D. W. Dobson, M.-J. Tsai, and B. W. O’Malley. 1987. Structure of the chromosomal chicken progesterone receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8380-8384.
  • Jantzen, H. M., U. Strahle, B. Gloss, F. Stewart, W. Schmid, M. Boshart, R. Miksicek, and G. Schutz. 1987. Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cell 49:29-38.
  • Jones, K. A., J. T. Kadonaga, P. J. Rosenfeld, T. J. Kelly, and R. Tjian. 1987. A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell 48:79-89.
  • Kingston, R. E. 1989. Primer extension assay, p. 4.8. In F. A. Ansubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl (ed.), Current protocols in molecular biology, vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
  • Lacroix, A., G. C. Bonnard, and M. E. Lippman. 1984. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptors by mitogenic stimuli, glucocorticoids and retinoids in normal human cultured T cells. J. Steroid Biochem. 21:73-80.
  • Lazar, M. A., R. A. Hodin, D. S. Darling, and W. W. Chin. 1989. A novel member of the thyroid/steroid hormone receptor family is encoded by the opposite strand of the rat c-erbAα transcriptional unit. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1128-1136.
  • Lee, W., P. Mitchell, and R. Tjian. 1987. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell 49:741-752.
  • Lubahn, D. B., T. R. Brown, J. A. Semental, H. N. Higgs, C. J. Migeon, E. M. Wilson, and F. S. French. 1989. Sequence of the intron/exon junctions of the coding region of the human androgen receptor gene and identification of a point mutation in a family with complete androgen insensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9534-9538.
  • Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, p. 109-110 and 320-328. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • McIntyre, W. R., and H. H. Samuels. 1985. Triamcinolone acetonide regulates glucocorticoid receptor levels by decreasing the half-life of the activated nuclear-receptor form. J. Biol. Chem. 260:417-427.
  • Milbrandt, J. 1988. Nerve growth factor induces a gene homologous to the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Neuron 1:183-188.
  • Montimy, M. R., and L. M. Bilezikjian. 1987. Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the somatostatin gene. Nature (London) 328:175-178.
  • Petersen, D. D., M. A. Magnuson, and D. K. Granner. 1988. Location and characterization of two widely separated glucocorticoid response elements in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:96-104.
  • Ponglikitmongkol, M., S. Green, and P. Chambon. 1988. Genomic organization of the human oestrogen receptor gene. EMBO J. 7:3385-3388.
  • Raaka, B. M., and H. H. Samuels. 1983. The glucocorticoid receptor in GH1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 258:417-425.
  • Ryseck, R. P., H. Macdonald-Bravo, M. G. Mattei, S. Ruppert, and R. Bravo. 1989. Structure, mapping and expression of a growth factor inducible gene encoding a putative nuclear hormonal binding receptor. EMBO J. 8:3327-3335.
  • Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467.
  • Sapolsky, R. M., L. C. Krey, and B. S. McEwen. 1984. Stress down-regulates corticosterone receptors in a site-specific manner in the brain. Endocrinology 114:287-292.
  • Schlecte, J. A., B. H. Ginsberg, and B. M. Sherman. 1982. Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human lymphocytes. J. Steroid Biochem. 16:69-74.
  • Svec, F. 1985. Glucocorticoid receptor regulation. Life Sci. 36:2359-2366.
  • Svec, F., and M. Rudis. 1981. Glucocorticoids regulate the glucocorticoid receptor in the AtT-20 cell. J. Biol. Chem. 256:5984-5987.
  • Tornello, S., E. Orti, N. F. DeNicola, T. C. Rainbow, and B. S. McEwen. 1982. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in brain by corticosterone treatment of adrenalectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 35:411-417.
  • Watson, M. A., and J. Miibrandt. 1989. The NGFI-B gene, a transcriptionally inducible member of the steroid receptor gene superfamily: genomic structure and expression in rat brain after seizure induction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4213-4219.
  • Yamamoto, K. R. 1985. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specified genes and gene networks. Annu. Rev. Genet. 19:205-215.
  • Zahraoui, A., and G. Cuny. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of the chicken proto-oncogene c-erbA corresponding to domain 1 of v-erbA. Eur. J. Biochem. 166:63-69.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.