6
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gene Expression

On the Mechanism for Efficient Repression of the Interleukin-6 Promoter by Glucocorticoids: Enhancer, TATA Box, and RNA Start Site (Inr Motif) Occlusion

, &
Pages 5736-5746 | Received 06 Jun 1990, Accepted 31 Jul 1990, Published online: 31 Mar 2023

Literature Cited

  • Adler, S., M. L. Waterman, X. He, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1988. Steroid receptor-mediated inhibition of rat prolactin expression does not require the receptor DNA-binding domain. Cell 52:685-695.
  • Akerblom, I. E., E. P. Slater, M. Beato, J. D. Baxter, and P. L. Mellon. 1988. Negative regulation by glucocorticoids through interference with a cAMP responsive enhancer. Science 241:350-353.
  • Akira, S., H. Isshiki, T. Sugita, O. Tanabe, S. Kinoshita, Y. Nishio, T. Nakajima, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1990. A nuclear factor for IL-6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 9:1897-1906.
  • Beato, M. 1989. Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56:335-344.
  • Beato, M., J. Arnemann, G. Chalepakis, E. Slater, and T. Widman. 1987. Gene regulation by steroid hormones. J. Steroid Biochem. 27:9-14.
  • Cromlish, W. A., S. M. Abmayr, J. L. Workman, M. Horikoshi, and R. G. Roeder. 1989. Transcriptionally active immediate- early protein of pseudorabies virus binds to specific sites on class II gene promoters. J. Virol. 63:1869-1876.
  • Drouin, J., M. A. Trifiro, R. K. Plante, M. Nemer, P. Eriksson, and O. Wrange. 1989. Glucocorticoid receptor binding to a specific DNA sequence is required for hormone-dependent repression of pro-opiomelanocortin gene transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5305-5314.
  • Evans, R. M. 1988. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889-895.
  • Feyen, J. H. M., P. Elford, F. E. Di Padova, and U. Trechsel. 1989. Interleukin-6 is produced by bone and modulated by parathyroid hormone. J. Bone Min. Res. 4:633-638.
  • Fong, Y., L. L. Moldawer, M. Morano, H. Wei, S. B. Tatter, R. M. Clarick, U. Santhanam, D. Sherris, L. T. May, P. B. Sehgal, and S. F. Lowry. 1989. Endotoxemia elicits increased circulating β2-IFN/IL-6 in man. J. Immunol. 142:2321-2324.
  • Freedman, L. P., B. F. Luisi, Z. R. Korszun, R. Basavappa, P. B. Sigler, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1988. The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain. Nature (London) 334:543-546.
  • Garmen, R. D., K. A. Jacobs, S. C. Clark, and D. H. Raulet. 1987. B-cell stimulatory factor 2 (β2 interferon) functions as a second signal for interleukin 2 production by mature murine T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7629-7633.
  • Gauldie, J., C. Richards, D. Harnish, P. Lansdorp, and H. Baumann. 1987. Interferon-β2/B cell stimulatory factor 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute-phase response in liver cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7251-7255.
  • Graham, F. L., and A. J. Van der Eb. 1973. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456-467.
  • Helfgott, D. C., L. T. May, Z. Sthoeger, I. Tamm, and P. B. Sehgal. 1987. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) enhances expression and secretion of β2-interferon by human fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 166:1300-1309.
  • Helfgott, D. C., S. B. Tatter, U. Santhanam, R. H. Clarick, N. Bhardwaj, L. T. May, and P. B. Sehgal. 1989. Multiple forms of IFN-β2/IL-6 in serum and body fluids during acute bacterial infection. J. Immunol. 142:948-953.
  • Hollenberg, S. M., and R. M. Evans. 1988. Multiple and cooperative trans-activation domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 55:899-906.
  • Hollenberg, S. M., V. Giguere, P. Segui, and R. M. Evans. 1987. Colocalization of DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions in the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 49:39-46.
  • Isshiki, H., S. Akira, O. Tanabe, T. Nakajima, T. Shimamoto, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1990. Constitutive and interleukin-1 (IL-l)-inducible factors interact with the IL-1-responsive element in the IL-6 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:2757-2764.
  • Jablons, D. M., J. J. Mule, J. K. McIntosh, P. B. Sehgal, L. T. May, C. M. Huang, S. A. Rosenberg, and M. T. Lotze. 1989. Interleukin-6/interferon-β2 as a circulating hormone: induction by cytokine administration in man. J. Immunol. 142:1542-1547.
  • Jensen, E. V., T. Suzuki, T. Kawashima, W. E. Stumpf, P. W. Jungblut, and E. R. DeSombre. 1968. A two-step mechanism for the interaction of estradiol with rat uterus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59:632-637.
  • Johnson, P. F., and S. L. McKnight. 1989. Eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:799-839.
  • Karin, M., A. Haslinger, H. Holtgreve, R. I. Richards, P. Krauter, H. M. Westphal, and M. Beato. 1984. Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein IIA gene. Nature (London) 308:513-519.
  • Kohase, M., D. Henriksen-DiStefano, L. T. May, J. Vikek, and P. B. Sehgal. 1986. Induction of interferon-β2 by tumor necrosis factor: a homeostatic mechanism in the regulation of cell proliferation. Cell 45:659-666.
  • Kohase, M., D. Henriksen-DiStefano, P. B. Sehgal, and J. Vitček. 1987. Dexamethasone inhibits feedback regulation of the mitogenic activity of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and epidermal growth factor in human fibroblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 132:271-278.
  • Kohase, M., L. T. May, I. Tamm, J. Vilček, and P. B. Sehgal. 1987. A cytokine network in human diploid fibroblasts: interactions of beta interferons, tumor necrosis factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and interleukin-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:273-280.
  • Kumar, V., S. Green, G. Stack, M. Berry, J.-R. Jin, and P. Chambon. 1987. Functional domains of the human estrogen receptor. Cell 51:941-951.
  • LeMay, L. G., A. Vander, and M. Kluger. 1989. The effects of psychological stress and anesthesia on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity in rat. Cytokines 1:123.
  • LeMay, L. G., A. Vander, and M. Kluger. 1990. Role of interleukin-6 in fever in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 258:R798-R803.
  • Levine, M., and J. L. Manley. 1989. Transcriptional repression of eukaryotic promoters. Cell 59:405-408.
  • Liebermann, T. A., and D. Baltimore. 1990. Activation of interleukin-6 gene expression through the NF-κB transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:2327-2334.
  • Lund, J., R. Ahlgren, D. Wu, M. Kagimoto, E. Simpson, and M. R. Waterman. 1990. Transcriptional regulation of the bovine CYP17 (P-45017α) gene: identification of two cAMP regulatory regions lacking the consensus cAMP-responsive element (CRE). J. Biol. Chem. 265:3304-3312.
  • Michie, H. R., K. R. Manogue, D. R. Spriggs, A. Revhaug, S. O’Dwyer, C. A. Dinarello, A. Cerami, S. M. Wolff, and D. W. Wilmore. 1988. Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1481-1486.
  • Mordacq, J. C., and D. I. H. Linzer. 1989. Co-localization of elements required for phorbol ester stimulation and glucocorticoid repression of proliferin gene expression. Genes Dev. 3:760-769.
  • Morrison, N. A., J. Shine, J. C. Fragonas, V. Verkest, M. L. McMenemy, and J. A. Eisman. 1989. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-responsive element and glucocorticoid repression in the osteocalcin gene. Science 246:1158-1161.
  • Naitoh, Y., J. Fukata, T. Tominaga, S. Tamai, K. Mori, and H. Imura. 1988. Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freely-moving rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155:1459-1463.
  • Nishida, T., S. Nakai, T. Kawakami, K. Aihara, N. Nishino, and Y. Hirai. 1989. Dexamethasone regulation of the expression of cytokine mRNAs induced by interleukin-1 in the astrocytoma cell line U373MG. FEBS Lett. 243:25-29.
  • Ray, A., P. Sassone-Corsi, and P. B. Sehgal. 1989. A multiple cytokine- and second messenger-responsive element in the enhancer of the human interleukin-6 gene: similarities with c-fos gene regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5537-5547.
  • Ray, A., S. B. Tatter, L. T. May, and P. B. Sehgal. 1988. Activation of the human “β2-interferon/hepatocyte-stimulating factor/interleukin-6” promoter by cytokines, viruses, and second-messenger agonists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6701-6705.
  • Ray, A., S. B. Tatter, U. Santhanam, D. C. Helfgott, L. T. May, and P. B. Sehgal. 1989. Regulation of expression of interleukin-6: molecular and clinical studies. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 557:353-362.
  • Ringold, G. 1985. Steroid hormone regulation of gene expression. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 25:529-566.
  • Robbins, P. D., J. M. Horowitz, and R. C. Mulligan. 1990. Negative regulation of human c-fos expression by the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature (London) 346:668-671.
  • Sakai, D. D., S. Helms, J. Carlstedt-Duke, J.-A. Gustafsson, F. M. Rottman, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1988. Hormone-mediated repression: a negative glucocorticoid response element from the bovine prolactin gene. Genes Dev. 2:1144-1154.
  • Sassone-Corsi, P., L. J. Ransone, and I. M. Verma. 1990. Cross-talk in signal transduction: TPA-inducible factor jun/AP-1 activates cAMP-responsive enhancer elements. Oncogene 5:427-431.
  • Scheidereit, C., and M. Beato. 1984. Contacts between receptor and DNA double helix within a glucocorticoid regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3029-3033.
  • Sehgal, P. B. 1990. Interleukin-6: a regulator of plasma protein gene expression in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. Mol. Biol. Med. 7:117-130.
  • Sehgal, P. B., G. Grieninger, and G. Tosato (ed.). 1989. Regulation of the acute phase and immune responses: interleukin-6. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 557:1-583.
  • Sehgal, P. B., D. C. Helfgott, U. Santhanam, S. B. Tatter, R. H. Clarick, J. Ghrayeb, and L. T. May. 1988. Regulation of the acute phase and immune responses in viral disease: enhanced expression of the “β2-interferon/hepatocyte stimulating factor/ interleukin-6” gene in virus-infected human fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 167:1951-1956.
  • Sehgal, P. B., L. T. May, I. Tamm, and J. Vilcek. 1987. Human β2 interferon and B-cell differentiation factor BSF-2 are identical. Science 235:731-732.
  • Shimizu, H., K. Mitomo, T. Watanabe, S. Okamoto, and K. I. Yamamoto. 1990. Involvement of an NF-κB-like transcription factor in the activation of the interleukin-6 gene by inflammatory lymphokines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:561-568.
  • Slater, E. P., O. Rabenau, M. Karin, J. D. Baxter, and M. Beato. 1985. Glucocorticoid receptor binding and activation of a heterologous promoter in response to dexamethasone by the first intron of the human growth hormone gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2984-2992.
  • Smale, S. T., M. C. Schmidt, A. J. Berk, and D. Baltimore. 1990. Transcriptional activation by Sp1 as directed through TATA or initiator: specific requirement for mammalian transcription factor IID. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4509-4513.
  • Spangelo, B. L., A. M. Judd, P. C. Isakson, and R. M. MacLeod. 1989. Interleukin-6 stimulates anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro. Endocrinology 125:575-577.
  • Tabibzadeh, S. S., U. Santhanam, P. B. Sehgal, and L. T. May. 1989. Cytokine-induced production of interferon-β2/inter- leukin-6 by freshly explanted human endometrial stromal cells: modulation by estradiol-17β. J. Immunol. 142:3134-3139.
  • Taylor, R. 1990. A bodily confluence: endometrial cytokines and immune functions. J. NIH Res. 2:64-68.
  • Vankelecom, H., P. Carmeliet, J. Van Damme, A. Billiau, and D. Denef. 1989. Production of interleukin-6 by folliculo-stellate cells of the anterior pituitary gland in a histiotypic cell aggregate culture system. Neuroendocrinology 49:102-106.
  • Walther, Z., L. T. May, and P. B. Sehgal. 1988. Transcriptional regulation of the interferon-β2/B cell differentiation factor BSF- 2/hepatocyte stimulating factor gene in human fibroblasts by other cytokines. J. Immunol. 140:974-977.
  • Woloski, B. M. R. N. J., E. M. Smith, W. J. Meyer III, G. M. Fuller, and J. E. Blalock. 1985. Corticotropin-releasing activity of monokines. Science 230:1035-1037.
  • Zhang, Y., J. Lin, and J. Vilèek. 1988. Synthesis of interleukin 6 (interferon-β2/cell stimulatory factor 2) in human fibroblasts is triggered by an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. J. Biol. Chem. 263:6177-6182.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.