Analysis of the Mouse Dhfr/Rep-3 Major Promoter Region by Using Linker-Scanning and Internal Deletion Mutations and DNase I Footprinting

Literature Cited

• Bird, A. P. 1987. CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus. Trends Genet. 3:342-347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, M. C., and J. C. Azizkhan. 1989. Transcription factor E2F is required for efficient expression of the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4994-5002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breathnach, R., and P. Chambon. 1981. Organization and expression of eukaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50:349-383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M., T. Shimada, A. D. Moulton, A. Cline, R. K. Humphries, J. Maizel, and A. W. Nienhuis. 1984. The functional human dihydrofolate reductase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 259:3933-3943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciudad, C. J., G. Urlaub, and L. A. Chasin. 1988. Deletion analysis of the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 263:16274-16282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouse, G. F., E. J. Leys, R. N. McEwan, E. G. Frayne, and R. E. Kellems. 1985. Analysis of the mouse dhfr promoter region: existence of a divergently transcribed gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1847-1858.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crouse, G. F., L. New, and L. A. Stivaletta. 1989. Gene engineering by selectable intraplasmid recombination: construction of novel dihydrofolate reductase minigenes. Gene 84:165-172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crouse, G. F., L. A. Stivaletta, and M. L. Smith. 1988. Analysis of gene expression using episomal mouse dihydrofolate reductase minigenes. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:7025-7042.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475-1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dynan, W. S., S. Sazer, R. Tjian, and R. T. Schimke. 1986. Transcription factor Sp1 recognizes a DNA sequence in the mouse dihydrofolate reductase promoter. Nature (London) 319:246-248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farnham, P. J., and R. T. Schimke. 1986. In vitro transcription and delimitation of promoter elements of the murine dihydrofolate reductase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2392-2401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujii, H., and T. Shimada. 1989. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones derived from the divergently transcribed gene in the region upstream from the human dihydrofolate reductase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 264:10057-10064.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gidoni, D., J. T. Kadonaga, H. Barrera-Saldana, K. Takahashi, P. Chambon, and R. Tjian. 1985. Bidirectional SV40 transcription mediated by tandem Spl binding interactions. Science 230:511-517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., G. T. Merlino, M. C. Willingham, I. Pastan, and B. H. Howard. 1982. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6777-6781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, F. L., and A. J. van der Eb. 1973. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456-467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C. V., E. J. Jacob, G. M. Ringwold, and F. Lee. 1983. Expression and regulation of Escherichia coli lacZ gene fusions in mammalian cells. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 2:101-109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffman, E. K., S. P. Trusko, N. A. Freeman, and D. L. George. 1987. Structural and functional characterization of the promoter region of the mouse c-Ki-ras gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2592-2596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingolia, D. E., M. R. Al-Ubaidi, C. Yeung, H. A. Bigo, D. A. Wright, and R. E. Kellems. 1986. Molecular cloning of the murine adenosine deaminase gene from a genetically enriched source: identification and characterization of the promoter region. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4458-4466.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakobovits, E. B., U. Schlokat, J. L. Vannice, R. Derynck, and A. D. Levinson. 1988. The human transforming growth factoralpha promoter directs transcription initiation from a single site in the absence of a TATA sequence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5549-5554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. A., J. T. Kadonaga, P. J. Rosenfeld, T. J. Kelly, and R. Tjian. 1987. A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell 48:79-89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama, R., and I. Pastan. 1989. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human DNA binding factor that represses transcription. Cell 59:815-825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazar, M. A., R. A. Hodin, D. S. Darling, and W. W. Chin. 1989. A novel member of the thyroid/steroid hormone receptor family is encoded by the opposite strand of the rat c-erbAα transcriptional unit. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1128-1136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linton, J. P., J.-Y. J. Yen, E. Selby, Z. Chen, J. M. Chinsky, K. Liu, R. E. Kellems, and G. F. Crouse. 1989. Dual bidirectional promoters at the mouse dhfr locus: cloning and characterization of two mRNA classes of the divergently transcribed Rep-1 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3058-3072.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsh, J. L., M. Erfle, and E. J. Wykes. 1984. The pIC plasmid and phage vectors with versatile cloning sites for recombinant selection by insertional inactivation. Gene 32:481-485.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGrogan, M., C. C. Simonsen, D. T. Smouse, P. J. Farnham, and R. T. Schimke. 1985. Heterogeneity at the 5′ termini of mouse dihydrofolate reductase mRNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 260:2307-2314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Means, A. L., and P. J. Farnham. 1990. Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned by HIP1 binding at the initiation site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:653-661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melton, D. W. 1987. HPRT gene organization and expression, p. 35-66. In N. Maclean (ed.), Oxford surveys on eukaryotic genes: 1987, vol. 4. Oxford University Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, R. M., K. Tilly, and T. Maniatis. 1986. Fine structure genetic analysis of a β-globin promoter. Science 232:613-617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, M., K. K. Sanford, R. Parshad, R. E. Tarone, F. M. Price, B. Mock, and K. Huppi. 1988. Genes on chromosomes 1 and 4 in the mouse are associated with repair of radiation-induced chromatin damage. Genomics 2:257-262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds, G. A., S. K. Basu, T. F. Osborne, D. J. Chin, G. Gil, M. S. Brown, J. L. Goldstein, and K. L. Luskey. 1984. HMG CoA reductase: a negatively regulated gene with unusual promoter and 5′ untranslated regions. Cell 38:275-285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rio, D. C., S. G. Clark, and R. Tjian. 1985. A mammalian host-vector system that regulates expression and amplification of transfected genes by temperature induction. Science 227:2328.
   Google Scholar
• Saffer, J. D., and M. F. Singer. 1984. Transcription from SV40-like monkey DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:4769-4788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seed, B., and J.-Y. Sheen. 1988. A simple phase-extraction assay for chloramphenicol acyltransferase activity. Gene 67:271-277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, W. V. 1967. The enzymatic acetylation of chloramphenicol by extracts of R factor-resistant Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 242:687-693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siliciano, P. G., and K. Tatchell. 1984. Transcription and regulatory signals at the mating type locus in yeast. Cell 37:969-978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, J. H., and J. M. Boss. 1988. Conserved upstream sequences of human class II major histocompatibility genes enhance expression of class II genes in wild-type but not mutant B-cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8186-8190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smale, S. T., and D. Baltimore. 1989. The “initiator” as a transcription control element. Cell 57:103-113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. L., and G. F. Crouse. 1989. Construction of linkerscanning mutations using a kanamycin-resistance cassette with multiple symmetric restriction sites. Gene 84:159-164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swick, A. G., M. C. Blake, J. W. Kahn, and J. C. Azizkhan. 1989. Functional analysis of GC element binding and transcription in the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:9291-9304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon, K., M. A. Thiede, and G. A. Rodan. 1988. Alkaline phosphatase as a reporter enzyme. Gene 66:11-17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar