Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Gene

LITERATURE CITED

• Almendral, J. M., D. Huebsch, P. A. Blundell, H. MacDonald-Bravo, and R. Bravo. 1987. Cloning and sequence of the human nuclear protein cyclin: homology with DNA-binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1575–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo, R., R. Frank, P. A. Blundell, and H. MacDonald-Bravo. 1987. Cyclin/PCNA is the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta. Nature (London) 326:515–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloro-form extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. B., S. D. Broz, and A. D. Levinson. 1989. Expression of the H-ras proto-oncogene is controlled by alternative splicing. Cell 58:461–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. B., and A. D. Levinson. 1988. A point mutation in the last intron responsible for increased expression and transforming activity of the c-Ha-ras oncogene. Nature (London) 334:119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppock, D. L., and A. B. Pardee. 1987. Control of the thymidine kinase mRNA during the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2925–2932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firak, T. A., and K. N. Subramanian. 1986. Minimal transcription enhancer of simian virus 40 is a 74-base-pair sequence that has interacting domains. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:3667–3676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. E., and E. B. Ziff. 1984. Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene. Nature (London) 311:433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritz, L., and J. Davies. 1983. Plasmid-encoded hygromycin B resistance: the sequence of hydromycin B phosphotransferase gene and its expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 25:179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groudine, M., M. Peretz, and H. Weintraub. 1981. Transcriptional regulation of hemoglobin switching in chicken embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:281–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, R. A., J. J. Byrnes, and M. R. Miller. 1987. Identification of DNA polymerase-α in CV-1 cells: studies implicating both DNA polymerase-α and DNA polymerase-α in DNA replication. Biochemistry 26:6817–6824.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirschhorn, R. R., F. Marashi, R. Baserga, J. Stein, and G. Stein. 1984. Expression of histone genes in a G1 specific temperature-sensitive mutant of the cell cycle. Biochemistry 23:3731–3735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaskulski, D., J. K. deRiel, W. E. Mercer, B. Calabretta, and R. Baserga. 1988. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA cyclin. Science 240:1544–1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaskulski, D., C. Gatti, S. Travali, B. Calabretta, and R. Baserga. 1988. Regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen cyclin and thymidine kinase mRNA levels by growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 263:10175–10179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenh, C., P. K. Geyer, and L. F. Johnson. 1985. Control of thymidine synthase RNA content and gene transcription in an overproducing mouse cell line. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2527–2532.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ku, D.-H., S. Travali, B. Calabretta, K. Huebner, and R. Baserga. 1989. Human gene for proliferating cell nuclear antigen has pseudogenes and localizes to chromosome 20. Somatic Cell. Mol. Genet. 15:297–307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipson, K. E., and R. Baserga. 1989. Transcriptional activity of the human thymidine kinase gene determined by a method using the polymerase chain reaction and an intron-specific probe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9774–9777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipson, K. E., S.-T. Chen, J. Koniecki, D.-H. Ku, and R. Baserga. 1989. S-phase-specific regulation by deletion mutants of the human thymidine kinase promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6848–6852.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, H.-T., C. W. Gibson, R. R. Hirschhorn, S. R. Rittling, R. Baserga, and W. E. Mercer. 1985. Expression of thymidine kinase and dihydrofolate reductase gene in mammalian ts mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 260:3269–3274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, Y. C., R. L. Marraccino, P. C. Keng, R. A. Bambara, E. M. Lord, W. G. Chow, and S. B. Zain. 1989. Requirement for proliferating cell nuclear antigen expressed during stages of the Chinese hamster ovary cell cycle. Biochemistry 18:2967–2974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, K., K. Sullivan, E. M. Tan, and M. B. Prystowsky. 1987. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin is an interleukin-2 responsive gene. J. Biol. Chem. 262:8447–8450.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris, G. F., and M. B. Mathews. 1989. Regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen during the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 264:13856–13864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottavio, L., C.-D. Chang, M. G. Rizzo, S. Travali, C. Casade-vall, and R. Baserga. 1990. Importance of introns in the growth regulation of mRNA levels of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:303–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prelich, G., M. Kostura, D. R. Marshak, M. B. Mathews, and B. Stillman. 1987. The cell-cycle regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for SV40 DNA replication in vitro. Nature (London) 326:471–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prelich, G., and B. Stillman. 1988. Coordinated leading and lagging strand synthesis during SV40 DNA replication in vitro requires PCNA. Cell 53:117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prelich, G., C. K. Tan, M. Kostura, M. B. Mathews, A. G. So, K. M. Downey, and B. Stillman. 1987. Functional identity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a DNA polymerase-delta auxiliary protein. Nature (London) 326:517–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappolee, D. A., D. Mark, M. J. Banda, and Z. Werb. 1988. Wound macrophages express TGF-alpha and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotyping. Science 241:708–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappolee, D. A., A. Wang, D. Mark, and Z. Werb. 1989. Novel method for studying mRNA phenotypes in single or small number of cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 39:1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saiki, R. K., D. H. Gelfand, S. Stoffel, S. J. Scharf, R. Higuchi, G. T. Horn, K. B. Mullis, and H. A. Erlich. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239:487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher, C. D., R. C. Shephard, H. N. Antoniades, and C. D. Stiles. 1979. Platelet derived growth factor and the regulation of the mammalian fibroblasts cell cycle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 560:217–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Y.-M., R. R. Hirschhorn, W. E. Mercer, E. Surmacz, Y. Tsutsui, K. J. Soprano, and R. Baserga. 1982. Gene transfer: DNA microinjection compared with DNA transfection with a very high efficiency. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1145–1154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherley, J. L., and T. J. Kelly. 1988. Regulation of human thymidine kinase during the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 263:8350–8358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipman, P. M., D. E. Sabath, A. H. Fischer, P. G. Comber, K. Sullivan, E. M. Tan, and M. B. Prystowsky. 1988. Cyclin mRNA and protein expression in recombinant interleukin-2-stimulated cloned muring T lymphocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 38:189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, C. D., C. T. Capone, C. D. Scher, N. H. Antoniades, J. J. Van Wyk, and W. J. Pledger. 1979. Dual control of cell growth by somatomedins and platelet derived growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1279–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart, P., M. Ito, C. Stewart, and S. W. Conrad. 1985. Induction of cellular thymidine kinase occurs at the mRNA level. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1490–1497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, P. S. 1983. Hybridization of denatured RNA transferred on dotted nitrocellulose paper. Methods Enzymol. 100:255–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travali, S., D.-H. Ku, M. G. Rizzo, L. Ottavio, R. Baserga, and B. Calabretta. 1989. Structure of the human gene for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 264:7466–7472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, B.-Y., C. E. Prussak, and M. T. Almazan. 1989. Primase p49 expression is serum stimulated but does not vary with the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1940–1945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahl, E. F., A. M. Geis, B. H. Spain, S. W. Wong, D. Korn, and T. S. F. Wang. 1988. Gene expression of human DNA poly-merase-alpha during cell proliferation and the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5016–5025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, A. M., M. V. Doyle, and D. F. Mark. 1989. Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9717–9721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, D. H., and T. J. Kelly. 1989. Requirement for two DNA polymerases in the replication of simian virus 40 DNA in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9742–9746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold, M. S., D. H. Weinberg, D. M. Virshup, J. J. Li, and T. J. Kelly. 1989. Identification of cellular proteins required for simian virus 40 DNA replication. J. Biol. Chem. 264:2801–2809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar