1
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gene Expression

Molecular Organization of the Human Raf-1 Promoter Region

, , , &
Pages 3325-3333 | Published online: 31 Mar 2023

LITERATURE CITED

  • Aronow, B., D. Lattier, R. Silbiger, M. Dusing, J. Hutton, G. Jones, J. Stock, J. McNeish, S. Potter, D. Witte, and D. Wiginton. 1989. Evidence for a complex regulatory array in the first intron of the human adenosine deaminase gene. Genes Dev. 3:1384–1400.
  • Barbacid, M. 1987. ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:779–827.
  • Beck, T. W., M. Huleihel, M. Gunnell, T. I. Bonner, and U. R. Rapp. 1987. The complete coding sequence of the human A-raf-1 oncogene and transforming activity of a human A-raf carrying retrovirus. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:595–609.
  • Beer, D. G., M. J. Neveu, D. L. Paul, U. R. Rapp, and H. C. Pitot. 1988. Expression of the c-raf proto-oncogene γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase, and gap junction protein in rat liver neoplasms. Cancer Res. 48:1610–1617.
  • Bird, A. P. 1986. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature (London) 321:209–213.
  • Blake, M. C., and J. C. Azizkhan. 1989. Transcription factor E2F is required for efficient expression of hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4994–5002.
  • Bonner, T. I., S. B. Kerby, P. Sutrave, M. A. Gunnell, G. E. Mark, and U. R. Rapp. 1985. Structure and biological activity of human homologs of the raflmil oncogene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1400–1407.
  • Bonner, T. L., H. Oppermann, P. Seeburg, S. B. Kerby, M. A. Gunnell, A. C. Young, and U. R. Rapp. 1986. The complete coding sequence of the human raf oncogene and the corresponding structure of the c-raf-1 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1009–1015.
  • Briggs, M. R., J. T. Kadonaga, S. T. Bell, and R. Tjian. 1986. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor SP1. Science 234:47–52.
  • Brown, K., B. Bailleul, M. Ramsden, F. Fee, R. Krumlauf, and A. Balmain. 1988. Isolation and characterization of the 5' flanking region of the mouse c-Harvey-ras gene. Mol. Carcinogenesis 1:161–170.
  • Chen, M.-J., T. Shimada, A. D. Moulton, A. Cline, R. K. Humphries, J. Maizel, and A. W. Neinhuis. 1984. The functional human dihydrofolate reductase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 259:3933–3943.
  • Devereux, J., P. Haeberli, and O. Smithies. 1984. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:387–395.
  • Dynan, W. S., and R. Tjian. 1983. The promoter-specific transcription factor Sp1 binds to upstream sequences in the SV40 early promoter. Cell 35:79–87.
  • Engstrom, K. L., T. W. Beck, and R. L. Millette. 1985. In vitro transcription of herpes simplex virus genes: identification of a new initiation site and second intervening sequence in the immediate-early RNA-5 gene. J. Virol. 53:235–242.
  • Evans, G. A., and G. M. Wahl. 1987. Cosmid vectors for genomic walking and rapid restriction mapping. Methods Enzymol. 152:604–610.
  • Farnham, P. J., and R. T. Schimke. 1985. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse dihydrofolate reductase in the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 260:7675–7680.
  • Farnham, P. J., and R. T. Schimke. 1986. Murine dihydrofolate reductase transcripts through the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:365–371.
  • García-Blanco, M. A., R. G. Clerc, and P. A. Sharp. 1989. The DNA-binding homeo domain of the Oct-2 protein. Genes Dev. 3:739–745.
  • Gunderson, S. I., J. T. Murphy, M. W. Knuth, T. H. Steinberg, J. H. Dahlberg, and R. R. Burgess. 1988. Binding of transcription factors to the promoter of human U1 RNA gene studied by footprinting. J. Biol. Chem. 263:17603–17610.
  • Haley, J., N. Whittle, P. Bennett, D. Kinchington, A. Ullrich, and W. Waterfield. 1987. The human EGF receptor gene: structure of the 110-kb locus and identification of sequences regulating its transcription. Oncogene Res. 1:375–396.
  • Hall, A., and R. Brown. 1985. Human N-ras: cDNA cloning and gene structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:5255–5268.
  • Heidecker, G., J. L. Cleveland, T. Beck, M. Huleihel, W. Kolch, S. M. Storm, and U. R. Rapp. 1989. Role of raf and myc oncogenes in signal transduction, p. 339–374. In N. H. Colburn (ed.), Genes and signal transduction in multistage carcinogenesis. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
  • Herr, W., R. A. Sturm, R. G. Clerc, L. M. Corcoran, D. Baltimore, P. A. Sharp, H. A. Ingraham, M. G. Rosenfeld, M. Finney, G. Ruvkun, and H. R. Horvitz. 1988. The POU domain: a large conserved region in the mammalian pit-1, oct-1, oct-2, and Caenorhabditis elegans unc-86 gene products. Genes Dev. 2:1513–1516.
  • Hoffman, E. K., S. P. Trusko, N. Freeman, and D. L. George. 1987. Structural and functional characterization of the promoter region of the mouse c-Ki-ras gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2592–2596.
  • Huebner, K., A. Ar-Rushdi, C. A. Griffin, M. Isobe, C. Kozak, B. S. Emanuel, L. Nagarajan, J. L. Cleveland, T. I. Bonner, M. D. Goldsborough, C. M. Croce, and U. R. Rapp. 1986. Actively transcribed genes in the raf oncogene group, located on the X chromosome in mouse and human. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3934–3938.
  • Huleihel, M., M. Goldsborough, J. L. Cleveland, M. Gunnell, T. I. Bonner, and U. R. Rapp. 1986. Characterization of murine A-raf a new oncogene related to the v-raf oncogene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2655–2662.
  • Ikawa, S., M. Fukui, Y. Ueyama, N. Tamaoki, T. Yamomoto, and K. Toyoshima. 1988. B-raf, a new member of the raf family, is activated by DNA rearrangement. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2651–2654.
  • Ishii, S., Y. Xu, R. H. Stratton, B. A. Roe, G. T. Merlino, and I. Pastan. 1985. Characterization and sequence of the promoter region of the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:492–494.
  • Jalinot, P., B. Devauz, and C. Kedinger. 1987. The abundance and in vitro DNA binding of three cellular proteins interacting with the adenovirus EIIa early promoter are not modified by the EIa gene products. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3806–3817.
  • LaBella, F., H. L. Sive, R. G. Roeder, and N. Heintz. 1988. Cell-cycle regulation of a human histone H2b gene is mediated by the H2b subtype-specific consensus element. Genes Dev. 2:32–39.
  • Lavia, P., D. Macleod, and A. Bird. 1987. Coincident start sites for divergent transcripts at a randomly selected CpG-rich island of mouse. EMBO J. 6:2773–2779.
  • Lee, D. C., and D. S. Luse. 1982. Mapping the 5' ends of in vitro synthesized RNAs with reverse transcriptase. Focus 4:1–3.
  • Leys, E. J., G. F. Grouse, and R. E. Kellums. 1984. Dihydrofolate reductase expression in cultured mouse cells is regulated by transcript stabilization in the nucleus. J. Cell Biol. 99:180–187.
  • Linton, J. P., J. J. Yen, E. Selby, Z. Chen, J. M. Chinsky, K. Liu, R. E. Kellems, and G. F. Crouse. 1989. Dual bidirectional promoters at the mouse dhfr locus: cloning and characterization of two mRNA classes of the divergently transcribed Rep-1 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3058–3072.
  • Lu, K., R. A. Levine, and J. Campisi. 1989. c-ras-Ha gene expression is regulated by insulin or insulinlike growth factor and by epidermal growth factor in murine fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3411–3417.
  • Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • Maxam, A. M., and W. Gilbert. 1980. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavage. Methods Enzymol. 65:499–560.
  • McGrogan, M., C. C. Simonsen, D. T. Smouse, P. J. Farnham, and R. T. Schimke. 1985. Heterogeneity at the 5' termini of mouse dihydrofolate reductase mRNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 260:2307–2314.
  • Morrison, D. K., D. K. Kaplan, U. Rapp, and T. M. Roberts. 1988. Signal transduction from membrane to cytoplasm: growth factors and membrane-bound oncogene products increase Raf-1 phosphorylation and associated protein kinase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8855–8859.
  • Morrison, D. K., D. R. Kaplan, J. A. Escobedo, U. R. Rapp, T. M. Roberts, and L. T. Williams. 1989. Direct activation of the serine/threonine kinase activity of raf-1 through tyrosine phosphorylation by the PGDF β-receptor. Cell 58:649–657.
  • Mount, S. M. 1982. A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:459–472.
  • Murphy, J. T., J. T. Skuzeski, E. Lund, T. H. Steinberg, R. R. Burgess, and J. E. Dahlberg. 1987. Functional elements of the human U1 RNA promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 262:1795–1808.
  • Neumann, J. R., C. A. Morency, and K. O. Russian. 1987. A novel rapid assay for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression. BioTechniques 5:444–447.
  • Rapp, U. R., S. M. Storm, and J. L. Cleveland. 1987. Oncogenes: clinical relevance. Hematol. Blood Transfusion 31:450–459.
  • Rapp, U. R., J. L. Cleveland, S. M. Storm, T. W. Beck, and M. Huleibel. 1986. Transformation by raf and myc oncogenes, p. 6–26. In S. A. Aaronson, J. Bishop, T. Sugimura, M. Terada, K. Toyoshima, and P. K. Vogt (ed.), Oncogenes and cancer. Japan Science Press, Tokyo.
  • Rapp, U. R., J. L. Cleveland, T. I. Bonner, and S. M. Storm. 1988. The raf oncogenes, p. 213–253. In E. P. Reddy, A. M. Skalka, and T. Curran (ed.), The oncogene handbook. Elsevier Science Publishers, The Netherlands.
  • Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
  • Schaffner, W. 1989. How do different transcription factors binding the same DNA sequence sort out their jobs? Trends Genet. 5:37–39.
  • Sithanandam, G., M. Dean, U. Brennscheidt, T. Beck, A. Gazdar, J. D. Minna, H. Brauch, B. Zbar, and U. R. Rapp. 1989. Loss of heterozygosity at the c-raf locus in small cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene 4:451–455.
  • Storm, S. M., J. L. Cleveland, and U. R. Rapp. 1990. Expression of rap family proto-oncogenes. Oncogene 5:345–351.
  • Tanaka, M., U. Grossniklaus, W. Herr, and N. Hernandez. 1988. Activation of the U2 snRNA promoter by the octamer motif defines a new class of RNA polymerase II enhancer elements. Genes Dev. 2:1764–1778.
  • Thompson, K. L., and M. R. Rosner. 1989. Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression by retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 264:3230–3234.
  • Valerio, D., M. G. C. Duyvesteyn, B. M. M. Dekker, G. Weeda, T. Berkvens, L. Van der Voorn, Van Ormondt, and A. J. Van der Eb. 1985. Adenosine deaminase: characterization and expression of a gene with a remarkable promoter. EMBO J. 4:437–443.
  • Wasylyk, C., B. Wasylyk, G. Heidecker, M. Huleihel, and U. R. Rapp. 1989. Expression of raf oncogenes activates the transcription factor pea-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:2247–2250.
  • Wasylyk, C., P. Flores, A. Gutman, and B. Wasylyk. 1989. PEAE3 is a nuclear target for activation by non-nuclear oncogenes. EMBO J. 8:3371–3378.
  • Wiginton, D. A., D. J. Kaplan, J. C. States, A. L. Akeson, C. M. Perme, I. J. Bilyk, A. J. Vaughn, D. J. Lattier, and J. J. Hutton. 1986. Complete sequence and structure of the gene for human adenosine deaminase. Biochemistry 25:8234–8244.
  • Xu, Y., N. Richert, S. Ito, G. T. Merlino, and I. Pastan. 1984. Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in malignant and normal human cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7308–7312.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.