References
- Adam, S. A., T. J. Lobl, M. A. Mitchell, and L. Gerace. 1989. Identification of specific binding proteins for a nuclear location sequence. Nature (London) 337:276-279.
- Baeuerle, P. A., and D. Baltimore. 1988. Activation of DNA-binding activity in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-κB transcription factor. Cell 53:211-217.
- Baeuerle, P. A., and D. Baltimore. 1988. IκB: a specific inhibitor of the NF-kB transcription factor. Science 242:540-546.
- Bataille, N., T. Helser, and H. M. Fried. 1990. Cytoplasmic transport of ribosomal subunits microinjected into the Xenopus laevis oocyte nucleus: a generalized facilitated process. J. Cell Biol. 111:1571-1582.
- Bieker, K. K., and T. J. Silhavy. 1990. PrlA (Sec Y) and PrlG (Sec E) interact directly and function sequentially during protein translocation in E. coli. Cell 61:833-842.
- Breeuwer, M., and D. S. Goldfarb. 1990. Facilitated nuclear transport of histone H1 and other small nucleophilic proteins. Cell 60:999-1008.
- Burglin, T. R., and E. M. deRobertis. 1987. The nuclear migration signal of Xenopus laevis nucleoplasmin. EMBO J. 6:2617-2625.
- Carmichael, G. G., B. S. Schaffhausen, D. I. Dorsky, D. B. Oliver, and T. L. Benjamin. 1982. Carboxy terminus of polyoma middle-sized tumor antigen is required for attachment to membranes, associated protein kinase activities, and cell transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:3579-3583.
- Dale, T. C., A. M. Ali Imam, I. M. Kerr, and G. R. Stark. 1989. Rapid inactivation by interferon a of a latent DNA-binding protein present in the cytoplasm of untreated cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1203-1207.
- Dang, C. V., and W. M. F. Lee. 1988. Identification of the human c-myc protein nuclear translocation signal. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4048-4054.
- DeRobertis, E. M., S. Lienhard, and R. F. Parisot. 1982. Intracellular transport of microinjected 5S and small nuclear RNA. Nature (London) 295:572-577.
- Dingwall, C., and R. A. Laskey. 1986. Protein import into the cell nucleus. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 2:365-388.
- Dingwall, C., J. Robbins, S. M. Dilworth, B. Roberts, and W. D. Richardson. 1988. The nucleoplasmin nuclear location sequence is larger and more complex than that of SV40 large T antigen. J. Cell Biol. 107:841-849.
- Feldherr, C. M., E. Kallenback, and N. Schultz. 1984. Movement of a karyophilic protein through the nuclear pores of oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 99:2216-2222.
- Fischer, U. (University of Marburg). Personal communication.
- Fischer-Fantuzzi, L., and C. Vesco. 1988. Cell-dependent efficiency of reiterated nuclear signals in a mutant simian virus 40 oncoprotein targeted to the nucleus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5495-5503.
- Garcia-Bustos, J., J. Heitman, and M. N. Hall. 1990. Nuclear protein localization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1071:83-101.
- Gething, M.-J., K. McCammon, and J. Sambrook. 1986. Expression of wild-type and mutant forms of influenza hemagglutinin: the role of folding in intracellular transport. Cell 46:939-950.
- Gluzman, T. 1981. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell 23:175-182.
- Goldfarb, D. S., J. Gariepy, G. Schoolnik, and R. D. Kornberg. 1986. Synthetic peptides as nuclear localization signals. Nature (London) 322:641-644.
- Graessman, A., C. Graessman, and C. Mueller. 1980. Microinjection of early SV40 DNA fragments and T antigen. Methods Enzymol. 65:816-825.
- Hannink, M., and H. M. Termin. 1989. Transactivation of gene expression by nuclear and cytoplasmic rel proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4323-4336.
- Harlow, E., L. Z. Crawford, D. C. Pim, and N. Williamson. 1981. Monoclonal antibodies specific for simian virus 40 tumor antigens. J. Virol. 39:861-869.
- Johnson, G. D., and G. M. C. de Nogueira Araujo. 1981. A simple method of reducing the fading of immunofluorescence during microscopy. J. Immunol. Methods 43:349-350.
- Kalderon, D., W. D. Richardson, A. F. Markham, and A. E. Smith. 1984. Sequence requirements for nuclear location of simian virus 40 large T antigen. Nature (London) 311:33-38.
- Kalderon, D., B. L. Roberts, W. D. Richardson, and A. E. Smith. 1984. A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location. Cell 39:499-509.
- Khanna-Gupta, A., and V. C. Ware. 1989. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomes in a eukaryotic system: is there a facilitated transport process? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1791-1795.
- Laemmli, U. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature (London) 227:680-685.
- Lanford, R. E., and J. S. Butel. 1984. Construction and characterization of an SV40 mutant defective in nuclear transport of T antigen. Cell 37:801-813.
- Lanford, R. E., P. Kanda, and R. C. Kennedy. 1986. Induction of nuclear transport with a synthetic peptide homologous to the SV40 T antigen transport signal. Cell 46:575-582.
- Lanford, R. E., R. G. White, R. G. Dunham, and P. Kanda. 1988. Effect of basic and nonbasic amino acid substitutions on transport induced by simian virus 40 T antigen synthetic peptide nuclear transport signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2722-2729.
- Lyons, R. H., B. Q. Ferguson, and M. Rosenberg. 1987. Pentapeptide nuclear location signal in adenovirus E1a. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2451-2456.
- Meier, U. T., and G. Blobel. 1990. A nuclear localization signal binding protein in the nucleolus. J. Cell Biol. 111:2235-2245.
- Michaud, N., and D. S. Goldfarb. 1991. Pathways in nuclear transport: the import of U2 snRNP occurs by a novel kinetic pathway. J. Cell Biol. 112:215-223.
- Morin, N., C. Delsert, and D. F. Klessig. 1989. Nuclear localization of the adenovirus DNA-binding protein, requirement for two signals and complementation during viral infection. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4372-4380.
- Nelson, M., and P. Silver. 1989. Context affects nuclear protein localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:384-389.
- Newmeyer, D. D., and D. J. Forbes. 1988. Nuclear import can be separated into distinct steps in vitro: nuclear pore binding and translocation. Cell 52:641-653.
- Newmeyer, D. D., and D. J. Forbes. 1990. An N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive cytosolic factor necessary for nuclear protein import: requirement in signal-mediated binding to the nuclear pore. J. Cell Biol. 110:547-557.
- Newport, J. W., and D. J. Forbes. 1987. The nucleus: structure, function, and dynamics. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:535-563.
- Picard, D., and K. R. Yamamoto. 1987. Two signals mediate hormone dependent nuclear localisation of the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J. 6:3333-3340.
- Richardson, W. D., A. D. Mills, S. M. Dilworth, R. A. Laskey, and C. Dingwall. 1988. Nuclear protein migration involves two steps: rapid binding at the nuclear envelope followed by slow translocation through nuclear pores. Cell 52:655-664.
- Richardson, W. D., B. L. Roberts, and A. E. Smith. 1986. Nuclear location sequences in polyoma virus large T. Cell 44:77-85.
- Rihs, H. P., and R. Peters. 1989. Nuclear transport kinetics depend on phosphorylation-site-containing sequences flanking the karyophilic signal of the simian virus 40 T-antigen. EMBO J. 8:1479-1484.
- Robb, J. A., and K. Huebner. 1973. Effect of chromosome number on simian virus 40 replication. Exp. Cell Res. 81:120-126.
- Roberts, B. D. 1989. Nuclear location signal-mediated protein transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1008:263-280.
- Roberts, B. D., W. D. Richardson, and A. E. Smith. 1987. The effect of protein context on nuclear location signal function. Cell 50:465-475.
- Roth, S., D. Stein, and C. Nuesslein-Volhard. 1989. A gradient of nuclear localization of the dorsal protein determines dorsoventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 59:1189-1202.
- Rushlow, C. A., K. Han, J. L. Manley, and M. Levine. 1989. The graded distribution of the dorsal morphogen is initiated by selective nuclear transport in Drosophila. Cell 59:1165-1177.
- Schneider, J., C. Schindewolf, K. van Zee, and E. Fanning. 1988. A mutant SV40 large T antigen interferes with nuclear localization of a heterologous protein. Cell 54:117-125.
- Schneider, J., and E. Fanning. 1988. Mutations in the phosphorylation sites of simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen alter its specificity for origin DNA binding sites I and II and affect SV40 DNA replication activity. J. Virol. 62:1598-1605.
- Segal, M., and M. J. Gething. (University of Texas, Dallas). Unpublished data.
- Silver, P. 1991. How proteins enter the nucleus. Cell 64:489-497.
- Silver, P., L. P. Keegan, and M. Ptashne. 1984. Amino terminus of the yeast GAL4 gene product is sufficient for nuclear localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5951-5955.
- Silver, P., I. Sadler, and M. Osborne. 1989. Yeast proteins that recognize nuclear localization sequences. J. Cell Biol. 109:983-989.
- Steward, R. 1989. Relocalization of the dorsal protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus correlates with its function. Cell 59:1179-1188.
- van Zee, K., and E. Fanning. Unpublished data.
- Vieira, I., and I. Messing. 1982. The pUC plasmid, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene 19:259-268.
- Vogt, B., E. Vakalopoulou, and E. Fanning. 1986. Allosteric control of simian virus 40 T antigen binding to viral origin DNA. J. Virol. 58:765-772.
- Yamasaki, L., P. Kanda, and R. E. Lanford. 1989. Identification of four nuclear transport signal-binding proteins that interact with diverse transport signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3028-3036.
- Zasloff, M. 1983. tRNA transport from the nucleus in a eukayotic cell: carrier-mediated translocation process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6436-6440.
- Zieve, G. W., and R. A. Sauterer. 1990. Cell biology of the snRNP particles. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 25:1-46.
- Zorbas, H. 1986. Doctoral thesis. University of Munich, Munich, Germany.