Specificity of a Retinoic Acid Response Element in the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene Promoter: Consequences of Both Retinoic Acid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Binding

References

• Blomhoff, R., M. H. Green, T. Berg, and K. R. Norum. 1990. Transport and storage of vitamin A. Science 250:399-404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, N., M. Petkovich, A. Krust, P. Chambon, H. de The, A. Marchio, P. Tiollais, and A. Dejean. 1988. Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor. Nature (London) 332:850-853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, P., V. Pirrotta, R. Steinberg, N. Hopkins, and M. Ptashne. 1970. The λ and 434 phage repressors. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35:283-294.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlman-Wright, K., A. Wright, J.-A. Gustafsson, and J. Carlstedt-Duke. 1991. Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain with DNA as a dimer is mediated by a short segment of five amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 266:3107-3112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Anda, J., A. R. Poteete, and R. T. Sauer. 1983. P22 c2 repressor. J. Biol. Chem. 258:10536-10542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de The, H., M. Vivanco-Ruiz, P. Tiollais, H. Stunnenberg, and A. Dejean. 1990. Identification of a retinoic acid responsive element in the retinoic acid receptor β gene. Nature (London) 343:177-180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman, B. M., and H. H. Samuels. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Forman, B. M., C. Yang, F. Stanley, J. Casanova, and H. H. Samuels. 1988. C-erbA protooncogenes mediate thyroid hormone-dependent and independent regulation of the rat growth hormone and prolactin genes. Mol. Endocrinol. 2:902-911.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giguere, V., E. S. Ong, P. Segui, and R. M. Evans. 1987. Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Nature (London) 330:624-629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, C. K., S. M. Lipkin, O. V. Devary, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1989. Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer. Cell 59:697-708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graupner, G., K. N. Wills, M. Tzukerman, X.-K. Zhang, and M. Pfahl. 1989. Dual regulatory role for thyroid-hormone receptors allows control of retinoic-acid receptor activity. Nature (London) 340:653-656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, B., J. M. Lehmann, X.-K. Zhang, T. Hermann, M. Husmann, G. Graupner, and M. Pfahl. 1990. A retinoic acid receptor-specific element controls the retinoic acid receptor-β promoter. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1727-1736.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoppner, W., W. Sussmuth, C. O’Brien, and H. J. Seitz. 1986. Cooperative effect of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones on the induction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in vivo and in cultured hepatocytes. Eur. J. Biochem. 159:399-405.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoppner, W., W. Sussmuth, and H. J. Seitz. 1985. Effect of thyroid state on cyclic AMP-mediated induction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Biochem. J. 226:67-73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imai, E., P.-E. Stromstedt, P. G. Quinn, J. Carlstedt-Duke, J.-Å. Gustafsson, and D. K. Granner. 1990. Characterization of a complex glucocorticoid response unit in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4712-4719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishore, G. S., A. S. Perumal, and H. R. Cama. 1971. The effect of thyroid activity on the enzymes of vitamin A metabolism and on the stability of lysosomes. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 41:171-179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krust, A., P. Kastner, M. Petkovich, A. Zelent, and P. Chambon. 1989. A third human retinoic acid receptor, hRAR-y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5310-5314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, M., and J. L. Manley. 1989. Transcriptional repression of eukaryotic promoters. Cell 59:405-408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loose, D. S., D. K. Cameron, H. P. Short, and R. W. Hanson. 1985. Thyroid hormone regulates transcription of the gene for cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in rat liver. Biochemistry 24:4509-4512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas, P. C., R. M. O’Brien, J. A. Mitchell, C. M. Davis, E. Imai, B. M. Forman, H. H. Samuels, and D. K. Granner. 1991. A retinoic acid response element is part of a pleiotropic domain in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2184-2188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal, S. K., and B. D. Chauduri. 1987. Enzymic oxidation of vitamin A aldehyde to vitamin A acid by rat livers of experimental thyroid disorders. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 25:796-797.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mangelsdorf, D. J., E. S. Ong, J. A. Dyck, and R. M. Evans. 1990. Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway. Nature (London) 345:224-229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miksicek, R., A. Heber, W. Schmid, U. Danesch, G. Posseckert, M. Beato, and G. Schutz. 1986. Glucocorticoid responsiveness of the transcriptional enhancer of Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Cell 46:283-290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell, J. A., and D. K. Granner. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi, T., and V. M. Nikodem. 1989. Regulation of expression of the alternative mRNAs of the rat α-thyroid hormone receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 264:8900-8904.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munoz, A., W. Hoppner, J. Sap, G. Brady, K. Nordstrom, H. J. Seitz, and B. Vennstrom. 1990. The chicken c-erbA α-product induces expression of thyroid hormone-responsive genes in 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine receptor-deficient rat hepatoma cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:312-320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordeen, S. K., P. P. Green III, and D. M. Fowlkes. 1987. A rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive assay for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. DNA 6:173-178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien, R. M., P. C. Lucas, C. D. Forest, M. A. Magnuson, and D. K. Granner. 1990. Identification of a sequence in the PEPCK gene that mediates a negative effect of insulin on transcription. Science 249:533-537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan, C.-J., W. Hoeppner, and J. Y. Chou. 1990. Induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression by retinoic acid in an adult rat hepatocyte line. Biochemistry 29:10883-10888.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perlmann, T., P. Eriksson, and O. Wrange. 1990. Quantitative analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor-DNA interaction at the mouse mammary tumor virus glucocorticoid response element. J. Biol. Chem. 265:17222-17229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersen, D. D., M. A. Magnuson, and D. K. Granner. 1988. Location and characterization of two widely separated glucocorticoid response elements in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:96-104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petkovich, M., N. J. Brand, A. Krust, and P. Chambon. 1987. A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature (London) 330:444-450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, P. G., T. W. Wong, M. A. Magnuson, J. B. Shabb, and D. K. Granner. 1988. Identification of basal and cyclic AMP regulatory elements in the promoter of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3467-3475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmi, S., and H. H. Samuels. 1991. Thyroid hormone receptor and v-erbA; a single amino acid difference in the c-terminal region influences dominant negative activity and receptor dimer formation. J. Biol. Chem. 266:11589-11593.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Short, J. M., A. Wynshaw-Boris, H. P. Short, and R. W. Hanson. 1986. Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) promoter-regulatory region. II. Identification of cAMP and glucocorticoid regulatory domains. J. Biol. Chem. 261:9721-9726.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, P. K., R. I. Krohn, G. T. Hermanson, A. K. Mallia, F. H. Gartner, M. D. Provenzano, E. K. Fujimoto, N. M. Goeke, B. J. Olson, and D. C. Klenk. 1985. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Biochem. 150:76-85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. Y., J. Carlstedt-Duke, N. L. Weigel, K. Dahlman, J.-A. Gustafsson, M.-J. Tsai, and B. W. O’Malley. 1988. Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: evidence for receptor dimer formation. Cell 55:361-369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. Y., M.-J. Tsai, and B. W. O’Malley. 1989. Cooperative binding of steroid hormone receptors contributes to transcriptional synergism at target enhancer elements. Cell 57:443-448.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umesono, K., V. Giguere, C. K. Glass, M. G. Rosenfeld, and R. M. Evans. 1988. Retinoic acid and thyroid hormone induce gene expression through a common responsive element. Nature (London) 336:262-265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasios, G. W., J. D. Gold, M. Petkovich, P. Chambon, and L. J. Gudas. 1989. A retinoic acid-responsive element is present in the 5′ flanking region of the laminin B1 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9099-9103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelent, A., A. Krust, M. Petkovich, P. Kastner, and P. Chambon. 1989. Cloning of murine α and β retinoic acid receptors and a novel receptor γ predominantly expressed in skin. Nature (London) 339:714-717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar