Identification of a Conserved Lipopolysaccharide-Plus-Interleukin-4-Responsive Element Located at the Promoter of Germ Line ε Transcripts

References

• Alt, F. W., N. Rosenberg, R. Casanova, E. Thomas, and D. Baltimore. 1982. Immunoglobulin heavy chain expression and class-switching in a murine leukemia cell line. Nature (London) 296:325–331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bach, M. K. 1982. Mediators of anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 36:371–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Nun, A., L. H. Glimcher, J. Weis, and J. G. Seidman. 1984. Functional expression of a cloned I-A βk gene in B lymphoma cells. Science 223:825–828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benoist, C., and D. Mathis. 1980. Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class-II genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:681–715.
   Google Scholar
• Berton, M. T., and E. S. Vitetta. 1990. Interleukin 4 induces changes in the chromatin structure of the γ1 switch region in resting B cells before switch recombination. J. Exp. Med. 172:375–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackwell, T. K., M. Moore, G. Yancopoulos, H. Suh, S. Lutzker, E. Seising, and F. Alt. 1986. Recombination between immunoglobulin variable region segments is enhanced by transcription. Nature (London) 324:585–589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Booth by, M., E. Gravallese, H. C. Liou, and L. Glimcher. 1988. A DNA binding protein regulated by IL-4 and by differentiation in B cells. Science 242:1559–1562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chirgwin, J. M., A. E. Przybyla, R. J. MacDonald, and W. J. Rutter. 1979. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry 18:5294–5299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, R., M. Imagawa, R. J. Imbra, J. R. Bockoven, and M. Karin. 1987. Multiple cis- and trans-acting elements mediate the transcriptional response to phorbol esters. Nature (London) 329:648–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsett, D., I. Keshet, and E. Winocour. 1983. Quantitation of a simian virus 40 nonhomologous recombination pathway. J. Virol. 48:218–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esser, C., and A. Radbruch. 1990. Immunoglobulin class switching: molecular and cellular analysis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:717–735.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fort, P., L. Marty, M. Piechaczyk, S. El Sabrouty, C. Dani, P. Jeanteur, and J. M. Blanchard. 1985. Various rat adult tissues express only one major mRNA species from the glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase multigenic family. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:1431–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauchet, J.-F., D. A. Lehman, R. Coffman, H. Gascan, and J. E. deVries. 1990. Structure and expression of germline ε transcripts in human B cells induced by interleukin 4 to switch to IgE production. J. Exp. Med. 172:463–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerondakis, S. 1990. Structure and expression of murine germline immunoglobulin ε heavy chain transcripts induced by interleukin 4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1581–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glimcher, L. H., T. Hamano, R. Asofsky, E. Heber-Katz, R. H. Schwartz, and W. E. Paul. 1982. I region-restricted antigen presentation by B cell-B lymphoma hybridomas. Nature (London) 298:283–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravallese, E. M., M. R. Booth by, C. S. Smas, and L. H. Glimcher. 1989. A lipopolysaccharide-induced DNA-binding protein for a class II gene in B cells is distinct from NF-κB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3184–3192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gravallese, E. M., J. Darling, L. H. Glimcher, and M. Boothby. J. Immunol., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. E. 1990. Identification of newly transcribed RNA, p. 4.10.1-4.10.9. In F. M. Ausubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl (ed.), Current protocols of molecular biology. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, I., E. M. Choi, and L. H. Glimcher. 1987. A single base mutation in an I-A a chain alters T-cell recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1090–1093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groudine, M., M. Peretz, and H. Weintraub. 1981. Transcriptional regulation of hemoglobin switching in chicken embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:281–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honjo, T., A. Shimizu, and Y. Yaoita. 1989. Constant-region genes of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and the molecular mechanism of class switching, p. 123-151. In F. Alt, T. Honjo, and T. Rabbits (ed.), Immunoglobulin genes. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Horlick, R. A., G. M. Hobson, J. H. Patterson, M. T. Mitchell, and P. A. Benfield. 1990. Brain and muscle creatine kinase genes contain common TA-rich recognition protein-binding regulatory elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4826–4834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarrett, E., and H. Miller. 1982. Production and activities of IgE in helminth infection. Prog. Allergy 31:178–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohl, N., E. Legouy, R. DePinho, P. Nisen, R. Smith, C. Gee, and F. Alt. 1986. Human n-myc is closely related in organization and nucleotide sequence to c-myc. Nature (London) 319:73–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuwabara, M. D., and D. S. Sigman. 1987. Footprinting DNA-protein complexes in situ following gel retardation assays using 1,10-phenanthroline-copper ion: Escherichia coli RNA-poly-merase-lac promoter complexes. Biochemistry 26:7234–7238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laimins, L. A., G. Khoury, C. Gorman, B. Howard, and P. Gruss. 1982. Host-specific activation of transcription by tandem repeats from simian virus 40 and Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6453–6457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M.-S., and W. T. Garrard. 1991. Transcription-induced nucleosome "splitting": an underlying structure for DNase I sensitive chromatin. EMBO J. 10:607–615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenardo, M. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Liou, H.-C., M. Boothby, P. W. Finn, R. Davidson, N. Nabavi, N. J. Zelelzink-Le, J. P.-Y. Ting, and L. H. Glimcher. 1990. A new member of the leucine zipper class of proteins that bind to the HLA DRα promoter. Science 247:1581–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckow, B., and G. Schutz. 1987. CAT constructions with multiple unique restriction sites for the functional analysis of eukaryotic promoters and regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:5490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutzker, S., and F. Alt. 1988. Immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching, p. 691-714. In D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe (ed.), Mobile DNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Lutzker, S., P. Rothman, R. Pollock, R. Coffman, and F. Alt. 1988. Mitogen- and IL-4-regulated expression of germline Ig γ2b transcripts: evidence for directed heavy chain class switching. Cell 53:177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Muller-Immergluck, M. M., W. Schaffner, and P. Mathias. 1990. Transcription factor Oct-2A contains functionally redundant activating domains and works selectivity from a promoter but not from a remote enhancer position in non-lymphoid (HeLa) cells. EMBO J. 9:1625–1634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry, R. P., and D. E. Kelley. 1979. Immunoglobulin messenger RNAs in murine cell lines that have characteristics of immature B lymphocytes. Cell 18:133–1339.
   Google Scholar
• Reaban, M. E., and J. A. Griffin. 1990. Induction of RNA-stabilized DNA conformers by transcription of an immunoglobulin switch region. Nature (London) 348:342–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, P., Y. Y. Chen, S. Lutzker, S. C. Li, V. Stewart, R. Coffman, and F. W. Alt. 1990. Structure and expression of germ line immunoglobulin heavy-chain ε transcripts: interleukin-4 plus lipolysaccharide-directed switching to Cε. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1672–1679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothman, P., S. C. Li, and F. Alt. 1989. The molecular events in heavy chain class-switching. Semin. Immunol. 1:65–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothman, P., S. Lutzker, W. Cook, R. Coffman, and F. Alt. 1988. Mitogen plus interleukin 4 induction of Cε transcripts in B lymphoid cells. J. Exp. Med. 168:2385–2389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothman, P., S. Lutzker, B. Gorham, V. Stewart, R. Coffman, and F. W. Alt. 1990. Structure and expression of germline immunoglobulin γ3 heavy chain gene transcripts: implications for mitogen and lymphokine directed class-switching. Int. Immunol. 2:621–627.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saiki, R. K., D. H. Gelfand, S. Stoffel, S. J. Scharf, R. Higuchi, G. T. Horn, K. B. Mullis, and H. A. Erlich. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239:487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, J., and A. Radbruch. 1990. An interleukin 4-induced DNase I hypersensitive site indicates opening of the γ1 switch region prior to switch recombination. Int. Immunol. 1:570–575.
   Google Scholar
• Selden, R. F., K. B. Howie, M. E. Rowe, H. M. Goodman, and D. Moore. 1986. Human growth hormone as a reporter gene in regulation studies employing transient gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:3173–3179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, R., and D. Baltimore. 1986. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell 46:705–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimuzu, A., M. C. Nussenzweig, T.-R. Mizuta, P. Leder, and T. Honjo. 1989. Immunoglobulin double-isotype expression by trans-mRNA in a human immunoglobulin transgenic mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8020–8023.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smale, S. T., and D. Baltimore. 1989. The "initiator" as a transcription control element. Cell 57:103–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavnezer, J., G. Radcliffe, Y.-C. Lin, J. Nietupski, L. Berggren, R. Sitia, and E. Severinson. 1988. Ig heavy chain switching may be directed by prior induction of transcripts from constant region genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7704–7708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struhl, K. 1985. Naturally occurring poly(dA-dT) sequences are upstream promoter elements for constitutive transcription in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8419–8423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter, U., G. Texido, and H. Hofstetter. 1989. Expression of human lymphocyte IgE receptor (FceRII/CD23). J. Immunol. 143:3087–3092.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutton, R., and J. Boothroyd. 1986. Evidence for trans-splicing in trypanosomes. Cell 47:527–535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, B. J., and R. Rothstein. 1989. Elevated recombination rates in transcriptionally active DNA. Cell 56:619–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, M. Z., and M. Boothby. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Yancopoulos, G., T. K. Blackwell, H. Suh, L. Hood, and F. Alt. 1986. Introduced T cell receptor gene segments recombine in pre-B cells: evidence that B and T cells use a common recombinase. Cell 44:251–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., S. C. Li, and F. W. Alt. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Zoller, M. J., and M. Smith. 1984. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis: a simple method using two oligonucleotide primers and a single-stranded DNA template. DNA 3:479–488.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar