Identification of an Essential Site for Transcriptional Activation within the Human T-Cell Receptor δ Enhancer

References

• Akira, S., H. Isshiki, T. Sugita, O. Tanabe, S. Kinoshita, Y. Nishio, T. Nakajima, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1991. A nuclear factor for IL-6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 9:1897–1906.
   Google Scholar
• Beckman, H., L.-K. Su, and T. Kadesch. 1990. TFE3: a helix-loop-helix protein that activates transcription through the immunoglobulin enhancer μE3 motif. Genes Dev. 4:167–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boehm, T., L. Buluwela, D. Williams, L. White, and T. H. Rabbitts. 1988. A cluster of chromosome 11p13 translocations found via distinct D-D and D-D-J rearrangements of the human T cell receptor δ chain gene. EMBO J. 7:2011–2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bories, J. C., P. Loiseau, L. d'Auriol, C. Gontier, A. Bensussan, L. Degos, and F. Sigaux. 1990. Regulation of transcription of the human T cell antigen receptor δ chain gene: a T lineage-specific enhancer element is located in the Jδ3-Cδ intron. J. Exp. Med. 171:75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, M. B., J. L. Strominger, and M. S. Krangel. 1988. The γδ T cell receptor. Adv. Immunol. 43:133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, C. S., and P. A. Sharp. 1991. A helix-loop-helix protein related to the immunoglobulin E box-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4384–4388.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. H. 1985. The proto-oncogene c-ets is preferentially expressed in lymphoid cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2993–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien, Y.-H., M. Iwashima, K. B. Kaplan, J. F. Elliot, and M. M. Davis. 1987. A new T-cell receptor gene located within the alpha locus and expressed early in T-cell differentiation. Nature (London) 327:677–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodosh, L. A., R. W. Carthew, J. G. Morgan, G. R. Crabtree, and P. A. Sharp. 1987. The adenovirus major late transcription factor activates the rat gamma-fibrinogen promoter. Science 238:684–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clevers, H., M. Lonberg, S. Dunlap, E. Lacy, and C. Terhorst. 1989. An enhancer located in a CpG-island 3′ to the TCR/CD3-ε gene confers T lymphocyte-specificity to its promoter. EMBO J. 8:2527–2535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebowitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier, P., B. Krippl, T. K. Blackwell, A. J. W. Furley, H. Sub, A. Winoto, W. D. Cook, L. Hood, F. Costantini, and F. W. Alt. 1990. Separate elements control DJ and VDJ rearrangement in a transgenic recombination substrate. EMBO J. 9:117–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgopoulos, K., D. Galson, and C. Terhorst. 1990. Tissue-specific nuclear factors mediate expression of the CD38 gene during T cell development. EMBO J. 9:109–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerster, T., P. Matthias, M. Thali, J. Jiricny, and W. Schaffner. 1987. Cell type-specificity elements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer. EMBO J. 6:1323–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, L. L., D. Zaninetta, and K. Karjalainen. 1991. A transcriptional enhancer of the mouse T cell receptor δ gene locus. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:807–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, L. R., and J. M. Leiden. 1990. Identification and functional characterization of the human T-cell receptor β gene transcriptional enhancer: common nuclear proteins interact with the transcriptional regulatory elements of the T-cell receptor a and β genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5486–5495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregor, P. D., M. Sawadogo, and R. G. Roeder. 1990. The adenovirus major late transcription factor USF is a member of the helix-loop-helix group of regulatory proteins and binds to DNA as a dimer. Genes Dev. 4:1730–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata, S., M. B. Brenner, and M. S. Krangel. 1987. Identification of putative human T cell receptor δ complementary DNA clones. Science 238:678–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr, W., and J. Clarke. 1986. The SV40 enhancer is composed of multiple functional elements that can compensate for one another. Cell 45:461–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, I.-C., N. K. Bhat, L. R. Gottschalk, T. Lindsten, C. B. Thompson, T. S. Papas, and J. M. Leiden. 1990. Sequence-specific binding of human Ets-1 to the T cell receptor a gene enhancer. Science 250:814–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, I.-C., and J. M. Leiden. 1990. Regulation of the human T-cell receptor a gene enhancer: multiple ubiquitous and T-cell-specific nuclear proteins interact with four hypomethylated enhancer elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4720–4727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho, I.-C., P. Vorhees, N. Marin, B. K. Oakley, S.-F. Tsai, S. H. Orkin, and J. M. Leiden. 1991. Human GATA-3: a lineage-restricted transcription factor that regulates the expression of the T cell receptor a gene. EMBO J. 10:1187–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, I.-C., L.-H. Yang, G. Morle, and J. M. Leiden. 1989. A T-cell-specific transcriptional enhancer element 3′ of Cα in the human T-cell receptor a locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6714–6718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. F., B. J. Landschultz, B. J. Graves, and S. L. McKnight. 1987. Identification of a rat liver nuclear protein that binds to the enhancer core element of three animal viruses. Genes Dev. 1:133–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joulin, V., D. Bories, J.-F. Eleouet, M.-C. Labasteie, S. Chretien, M.-G. Mattei, and P. H. Romeo. 1991. A T-cell specific TCR δ DNA binding protein is a member of the human GAT A family. EMBO J. 10:1809–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, F. D., L. D. Urness, C. S. Thummel, M. J. Klemsz, S. R. McKercher, A. Celada, C. Van Beveran, R. A. Maki, C. V. Gunther, J. A. Nye, and B. J. Graves. 1990. The ETS-domain: a new DNA-binding motif that recognizes a purine-rich core DNA sequence. Genes Dev. 4:1451–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, L. J., M. Yamamoto, M. W. Leonard, K. M. George, P. Ting, and J. D. Engel. 1991. Murine and human T-lymphocyte GATA-3 factors mediate transcription through a cis-regulatory element within the human T-cell receptor δ gene enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2778–2784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunkel, T. A. 1985. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxam, A., and W. Gilbert. 1980. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 65:499–560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molitor, J., and W. Greene. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Murre, C., P. S. McCaw, and D. Baltimore. 1989. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell 56:777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murre, C., P. S. McCaw, H. Vaessin, M. Caudy, L. Y. Jan, Y. N. Jan, C. V. Cabrera, J. N. Buskin, S. D. Hauschka, A. B. Lassar, H. Weintraub, and D. Baltimore. 1989. Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence. Cell 58:537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murre, C., A. Voronova, and D. Baltimore. 1991. B-cell- and myocyte-specific E2-box-binding factors contain E12/E47-like subunits. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1156–1160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson, C. L., and K. L. Calame. 1987. Complex protein binding within the mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:4194–4203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson, C. L., and K. Calame. 1989. Proteins binding to site C2 (μE3) in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer exist in multiple oligomeric forms. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:776–786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierce, J., M. Lenardo, and D. Baltimore. 1988. Oligonucleotide that binds nuclear factor NF-κB acts as a lymphoid-specific and inducible enhancer element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1482–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raulet, D. H. 1989. The structure, function, and molecular genetics of the γ/δ T cell receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redondo, J. M., S. Hata, C. Brocklehurst, and M. S. Krangel. 1990. A T cell specific transcriptional enhancer within the human T cell receptor δ locus. Science 247:1225–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman, C., J. S. Platero, J. Shuman, and K. Calame. 1990. Ig/EBP-1: a ubiquitously expressed immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein that is similar to C/EBP and heterodimerizes with C/EBP. Genes Dev. 4:1404–1415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sassone-Corsi, P., and E. Borrelli. 1986. Transcriptional regulation by trans-acting factors. Trends Genet. 2:215–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H., R. Sen, D. Baltimore, and P. Sharp. 1986. A nuclear factor that binds to a conserved sequence motif in transcriptional control elements of immunoglobulin genes. Nature (London) 319:154–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, D. M., Y.-H. Hsiang, J. P. Goldman, and D. P. Raulet. 1991. Identification of a T-cell-specific transcriptional enhancer located 3′ of Cγ1 in the murine T-cell receptor γ locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:800–804.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, X.-H., and D. Baltimore. 1991. An inhibitory domain of E12 transcription factor prevents DNA binding in E12 homodimers but not in E12 heterodimers. Cell 64:459–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda, J., A. Cheng, F. Mauxion, C. A. Nelson, R. D. Newberry, W. C. Sha, R. Sen, and D. Y. Lob. 1990. Functional analysis of the murine T-cell receptor β enhancer and characteristics of its DNA-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5027–5035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toyonaga, B., and T. W. Mak. 1987. Genes of the T cell antigen receptor in normal and malignant T cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 5:585–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, M. L., W. H. Fischer, and K. A. Jones. 1991. A thymus-specific member of the HMG protein family regulates the T cell receptor Cα enhancer. Genes Dev. 5:656–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, M. L., and K. A. Jones. 1990. Purification of TCF-1α, a T-cell-specific transcription factor that activates the T-cell receptor Cα gene enhancer in a context-dependent manner. New Biol. 2:621–636.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winoto, A., and D. Baltimore. 1989. αβ lineage-specific expres sion of the α T cell receptor gene by nearby silencers. Cell 59:649–655.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winoto, A., and D. Baltimore. 1989. A novel, inducible and T cell-specific enhancer located at the 3′ end of the T cell receptor a locus. EMBO J. 8:729–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C., S. Wilson, B. Walker, I. Dawid, T. Paisley, V. Zimarino, and H. Ueda. 1987. Purification and properties of Drosophila heat shock activator protein. Science 238:1247–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M., L. J. Ko, M. W. Leonard, H. Beug, S. H. Orkin, and J. D. Engel. 1990. Activity and tissue-specific expression of the transcription factor NF-E1 multigene family. Genes Dev. 4:1650–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar