The Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein Gene in Brown Fat: Correlation between DNase I Hypersensitivity and Expression in Transgenic Mice

REFERENCES

• Abraham, L. J., A. D. Bradshaw, B. R. Shiels, W. Northemann, G. Hudson, and G. H. Fey. 1990. Hepatic transcription of the acute-phase α1-inhibitor III gene is controlled by a novel combination of cis-acting regulatory elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3483–3491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard, T. 1969. The ultrastructural differentiation of brown adipose tissue in the rat. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 29:311–322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouillaud, F., D. Ricquier, G. Mory, and J. Thibault. 1984. Increased level of mRNA for the uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of rats during thermogenesis induced by cold exposure or norepinephrine infusion. J. Biol. Chem. 259:11583–11586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, B. B., and L. P. Kozak. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Bushel, P., K. Rego, L. Mendelsohn, and M. Allan. 1990. Correlation between patterns of DNase I-hypersensitive sites and upstream promoter activity of the human E-globin gene at different stages of erythroid development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1199–1208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carthew, R. W., L. A. Chodosh, and P. A. Sharp. 1985. A polymerase II transcription factor binds to an upstream element in the adenovirus major late promoter. Cell 43:439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloro- form extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S., V. Folsom, and J. Wooley. 1983. DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the chromatin of immunoglobulin κ light chain genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2427–2431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derman, E., K. Krauter, L. Walling, C. Weinberger, M. Ray, and J. E. Darnell, Jr. 1981. Transcriptional control in the production of liver-specific mRNAs. Cell 23:731–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschamps, J., F. Meijlink, and I. M. Verma. 1985. Identification of a transcriptional enhancer element upstream from the proto-oncogene fos. Science 230:1174–1177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doglio, A., C. Dani, P. Grimaldi, and G. Ailhaud. 1986. Growth hormone regulation of the expression of differentiation-dependent genes in preadipocyte Ob1771 cells. Biochem. J. 238:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer, R. F. 1960. Morphological features of brown adipose cell maturation in vivo and in vitro. Am. J. Anat. 123:255.
   Google Scholar
• Elgin, S. R. C. 1988. The formation and function of DNase I hypersensitive sites in the process of gene activation. J. Biol. Chem. 263:19259–19262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester, W. C., S. Takegawa, T. Papayannopoulou, G. Stam- atoyannopoulos, and M. Groudine. 1987. Evidence for a locus activation region: the formation of developmentally stable hypersensitive sites in globin expressing hybrids. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:10159–10177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester, W. C., C. Thompson, J. T. Elder, and M. Groudine. 1986. A developmentally stable chromatin structure in the human β-globin gene cluster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1359–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritton, H. P., A. E. Sippel, and T. Igo-Kemenes. 1983. Nuclease-hypersensitive sites in the chromatin domain of the chicken lysozyme gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:3467–3485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardier, L., and J. Seydoux. 1986. Neural control of brown adipose tissue, p. 122–151. In P. Trayhum and D. G. Nicholls (ed.), Brown adipose tissue. Edward Arnold Ltd., London.
   Google Scholar
• Gorski, K., M. Carneiro, and U. Schibler. 1986. Tissue-specific in vitro transcription from the mouse albumin promoter. Cell 47:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, D. S., and W. T. Garrard. 1988. Nuclease hypersensitive sites in chromatin. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:159–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosveld, F., G. B. van Assendelft, D. R. Greaves, and G. Kollias. 1987. Position-independent, high-level expression of the human β-globin gene in transgenic mice. Cell 51:975–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie, P. D., M. R. Freeman, S. Liao, and L. W. K. Chung. 1990. Regulation of gene expression in rat prostate by androgen and β-adrenergic receptor pathways. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1343–1353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan, B., F. Constantini, and E. Lacy. 1986. Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Ip, Y. T., R. E. K. Fournier, and R. Chalkley. 1990. Extinction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression is associated with loss of a specific chromatin-binding protein from a far upstream domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3782–3787.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ip, Y. T., D. Poon, D. Stone, D. K. Granner, and R. Chalkley. 1990. Interaction of a liver-specific factor with an enhancer 4.8 kilobases upstream of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3770–3781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwaki, K., V. P. Sukhatme, H. E. Shubeita, and K. R. Chien. 1990. α- and β-adrenergic stimulation induces distinct patterns of immediate early gene expression in neonatal rat myocardial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 265:13809–13817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsson, A., J. Nedergaard, and B. Cannon. 1986. α- and β-adrenergic control of thermogenin mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue. Biosci. Rep. 6:621–631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobsson, A., U. Stadler, M. A. Glotzer, and L. P. Kozak. 1985. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein from mouse brown fat. J. Biol. Chem. 260:16250–16254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, L. P., J. H. Britton, U. C. Kozak, and J. M. Wells. 1988. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene. J. Biol. Chem. 263:12274–12277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, U. C., D. Kreutter, W. Held, and L. P. Kozak. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Lefkowitz, R. J., and M. G. Caron. 1988. Adrenergic receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 263:4993–4996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, R. J., R. E. Hammer, G. H. Swift, D. M. Ornitz, B. P. Davis, R. D. Palmiter, and R. L. Brinster. 1986. Tissuespecific expression of pancreatic genes in transgenic mice. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 478:131–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maire, P., J. Wuarin, and U. Schibler. 1989. The role of cis-acting promoter elements in tissue-specific albumin gene expression. Science 244:343–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, D. G., and R. M. Locke. 1984. Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat. Physiol. Rev. 64:1–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsch, D., A. F. Stewart, M. Boshart, R. Mestril, F. Weih, and G. Schütz. 1990. Chromatin structures of the rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene relate to the function of its cis-acting elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3334–3342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parslow, T. G., and D. K. Granner. 1982. Chromatin changes accompany immunoglobulin κ gene activation: a potential control region within the gene. Nature (London) 299:499–451.
   Google Scholar
• Ptashne, M. 1986. Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance. Nature (London) 322:697–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitman, M., and G. Felsenfeld. 1990. Developmental regulation of topoisomerase II sites and DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the chicken β-globin locus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:2774–2786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renz, M., M. Neuberg, C. Kurz, R. Bravo, and R. Muller. 1985. Regulation of c-fos transcription in mouse fibroblasts: identification of DNase I-hypersensitive sites and regulatory upstream sequences. EMBO J. 4:3711–3716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricquier, D., F. Bouillaud, P. Toumelin, G. Mory, R. Bazin, J. Arch, and L. Penicaud. 1986. Expression of uncoupling protein mRNA in thermogenic or weakly thermogenic brown adipose tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 261:13905–13910.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, T. M., R. R. Behringer, N. C. Martin, T. M. Townes, R. D. Palmiter, and R. L. Brinster. 1989. A single erythroid- specific DNase I super-hypersensitive site activates high levels of human β-globin gene expression in transgenic mice. Genes Dev. 3:314–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, T. M., R. R. Behringer, T. M. Townes, R. D. Palmiter, and R. L. Brinster. 1989. High-level erythroid expression of human β-globin genes in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:37–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder, J., A. Larsen, J. D. Engel, M. Dolan, M. Groudine, and H. Weintraub. 1980. Tissue-specific DNA cleavages in the globin chromatin domain induced by DNAase I. Cell 20:451–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston, S. J., and J. D. Saffer. 1989. Ultraviolet shadowing nucleic acids on nylon membranes. Anal. Biochem. 178:41–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuan, D., W. Soloman, Q. Li, and I. M. London. 1985. The “β-like-globin” domain in human erythroid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6384–6388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, T. E., P. C. Hoppe, J. D. Jollick, D. R. Scholl, R. H. Hodinka, and J. B. Gault. 1981. Microinjection of a rabbit β-globin gene into zygotes and its subsequent expression in adult mice and their offspring. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:6376–6380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, F. 1965. The development of adipose tissue, p. 87–100. In A. E. Renold and G. F. Cahill, Jr., (ed.), Handbook of physiology, section 5. Adipose tissue. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar