0
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
DNA Dynamics and Chromosome Structure

A Proposed Mechanism for Promoter-Associated DNA Rearrangement Events at a Variant Surface Glycoprotein Gene Expression Site

, , &
Pages 4784-4795 | Received 01 Jun 1992, Accepted 21 Jul 1992, Published online: 01 Apr 2023

REFERENCES

  • Alexandre, S., M. Guyaux, N. B. Murphy, H. Coquelet, A. Pays, M. Steinert, and E. Pays. 1988. Putative genes of a variant specific antigen gene transcription unit in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 2367–2378.
  • Bateman, E., and M. R. Paule. 1988. Promoter occlusion during ribosomal RNA transcription. Cell 54: 985–992.
  • Bellofatto, V., and G. A.M. Cross. 1989. Expression of a bacterial gene in a trypanosomatid protozoan. Science 244: 1167–1169.
  • Bernards, A., N. Van Harten-Loosbroek, and P. Borst. 1984. Modification of telomeric DNA in Trypanosoma brucei, a role in antigenic variation? Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 4153–4158.
  • Bollag, R. J., and R. M. Liskay. 1991. Direct-repeat analysis of chromatid interactions during intrachromosomal recombination in mouse cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 4839–4845.
  • Borst, P., and D. R. Greaves. 1987. Programmed gene rearrangements. Science 235: 658–667.
  • Brown, S. D., J. Huang, and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1992. The promoter for the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) genes of Trypanosoma brucei shares features with RNA polymerase I promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 2644–2652.
  • Clayton, C. E., J. P. Fueri, J. E. Itzhaki, V. Bellofatto, D. R. Sherman, G. S. Wisdom, S. Vfiayasarathy, and M. R. Mowatt. 1990. Transcription of the procyclic acidic repetitive protein genes of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 3036–3047.
  • Coquelet, H., P. Tebabi, A. Pays, M. Steinert, and E. Pays. 1989. Trypanosoma brucei: enrichment by UV of intergenic transcripts from the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4022–4025.
  • Cross, G. A. M. 1975. Identification, purification and properties of clone specific glycoprotein antigens constituting the surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology 71: 393–417.
  • Cross, G. A. M. 1978. Antigenic variation in trypanosomes. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 202: 55–72.
  • Cully, D. F., H. S. Ip, and G. A.M. Cross. 1985. Coordinate transcription of variant surface glycoprotein genes and an expression site associated gene family in Trypanosoma brucei. Cell 42: 173–182.
  • Donelson, J. E., and A. C. Rice-Ficht. 1985. Molecular biology of trypanosome antigenic variation. Microbiol. Rev. 49: 107–125.
  • Gommers-Ampt, J., J. Lutgerink, and P. Borst. 1991. A novel DNA nucleotide in Trypanosoma brucei only present in the mammalian phase of the life cycle. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 1745–1751.
  • Gottesdiener, K. M., H.-M. Chung, S. L. Brown, M. G.-S. Lee, and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1991. Characterization of VSG gene expression site promoters and promoter-associated DNA rearrangement events. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 2467–2477.
  • Griffin, B., E. Bjorck, G. Bjursell, and T. Lindahl. 1981. Sequence complexity of circular Epstein-Barr virus DNA in transformed cells. J. Virol. 40: 11–19.
  • Henderson, S. L., K. Ryan, and B. Sollner-Webb. 1989. The promoter-proximal rDNA terminator augments initiation by preventing disruption of the stable transcription complex caused by polymerase read-in. Genes Dev. 3: 212–223.
  • Jefferies, D., P. Tebabi, and E. Pays. 1991. Transient activity assays of the Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein gene promoter: control of gene expression at the posttranscrip- tional level. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 338–343.
  • Johnson, P., J. M. Kooter, and P. Borst. 1987. Inactivation of transcription by UV irradiation of Trypanosoma brucei provides further evidence for a multicistronic transcription unit that includes a variant surface glycoprotein gene. Cell 51: 273–281.
  • Keil, R. L., and G. S. Roeder. 1984. cis-acting recombinationstimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae. Cell 39: 377–386.
  • Klar, A. J. S., J. N. Strathern, and J. B. Hicks. 1981. A position-effect control for gene transposition: state of expression of yeast mating-type genes affect their ability to switch. Cell 25: 517–524.
  • Kooter, J., M. H.J. Van der Spek, R. Wagter, et al. 1987. The anatomy and transcription of a telomeric expression site for variant specific surface antigens in Trypanosoma brucei. Cell 51: 261–272.
  • Lee, M. G.-S., and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1987. Frequent independent duplicative transpositions activate a single VSG gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 357–364.
  • Matsuoka, M., K. Yoshida, T. Maeda, S. Usuda, and H. Sakano. 1990. Switch circular DNA formed in cytokine-treated mouse splenocytes: evidence for intramolecular DNA deletion in immunoglobulin class switching. Cell 62: 135–142.
  • McStay, B., and R. H. Reeder. 1990. An RNA polymerase I termination site can stimulate the adjacent ribosomal gene promoter by two distinct mechanisms in Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 4: 1240–1251.
  • Michels, P. A. M., A. Bernards, L. H.T. Van der Ploeg, and P. Borst. 1982. Characterization of the expression-linked gene copies of variant surface glycoprotein 118 in two independently isolated clones of Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 2353–2366.
  • Michels, P. A. M., A. Y.C. Liu, A. Bernards, et al. 1983. Activation of the genes of variant surface glycoproteins 117 and 118 in Trypanosoma brucei. J. Mol. Biol. 166: 537–556.
  • Michels, P. A. M., L. H.T. Van der Ploeg, A. Y.C. Liu, and P. Borst. 1984. The inactivation and reactivation of an expression linked gene copy for a variant surface glycoprotein in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 3: 1345–1351.
  • Myler, P. J., R. F. Aline, J. K. Scholler, and K. D. Stuart. 1988. Changes in telomere length associated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 29: 243–249.
  • Okazaki, K., D. Davis, and H. Sakano. 1987. T cell receptor beta gene sequences in the circular DNA of thymocyte nuclei: direct evidence for intermolecular DNA deletion in V-D-J joining. Cell 49: 477–485.
  • Paindavoine, P., S. Rolin, S. Van Asset, M. Geuskens, J.-C. Jauniaux, C. Dinsart, G. Huet, and E. Pays. 1992. A gene from the variant surface glycoprotein expression site encodes one of several transmembrane adenylate cyclases located on the flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 1218–1225.
  • Parsons, M., R. G. Nelson, and N. Agabian. 1984. Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes: DNA rearrangements program immune-evasion. Immunol. Today 5: 43–50.
  • Pays, E. 1988. DNA recombination and transposition in trypanosomes. Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 43: 301–342.
  • Pays, E. 1991. Genetics of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Res. Microbiol. 142: 731–735.
  • Pays, E., H. Coquelet, A. Pays, P. Tebabi, and M. Steinert. 1989. Trypanosoma brucei: posttranscriptional control of the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4018–4021.
  • Pays, E., H. Coquelet, P. Tebabi, et al. 1990. Trypanosoma brucei: constitutive activity of the VSG and procyclin gene promoter. EMBO J. 9: 3145–3151.
  • Pays, E., M. F. Delauw, and M. Steinert. 1984. Possible DNA modification in GC dinucleotides of Trypanosoma brucei telomeric sequences; relationship with antigen gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 5235–5240.
  • Pays, E., M. Laurent, K. Delinte, N. Van Meirvenne, and M. Steinert. 1983. Differential size variations between transcriptionally active and inactive telomeres of Trypanosoma b. brucei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 8137–8143.
  • Pays, E., P. Tebabi, A. Pays, et al. 1989. The genes and transcripts of an antigen gene expression site from T. brucei. Cell 57: 835–845.
  • Rattray, A., and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. Unpublished data.
  • Revelard, P., S. Lips, and E. Pays. 1990. A gene from the VSG expression site of Trypanosoma brucei encodes a protein with both leucine-rich repeats and a putative zinc finger. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 7299–7303.
  • Roditi, I., M. Carrington, and M. J. Turner. 1987. Expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of Trypanosoma brucei. Nature (London) 325: 272–274.
  • Ronne, H., and R. Rothstein. 1988. Mitotic sectored colonies: evidence of heteroduplex DNA formation during direct repeat recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2696–2700.
  • Ross, D. T., A. Raibaud, I. C. Florent, et al. 1991. The trypanosome VSG expression site encodes adenylate cyclase and a leucine-rich putative regulatory gene. EMBO J. 10: 2047–2053.
  • Rudenko, G., H.-M. Chung, V. P. Pham, and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1991. RNA polymerase I can mediate expression of CAT and neo protein-coding genes in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 10: 3387–3397.
  • Rudenko, G., M. G.-S. Lee, and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1992. The PARP and VSG genes of Trypanosoma brucei do not resemble RNA polymerase II transcription units in sensitivity to sarkosyl in nuclear run-on assays. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 303–306.
  • Sanger, F., A. R. Coulson, B. G. Barrell, A. J.H. Smith, and B. Roe. 1980. Cloning in single stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid sequencing. J. Mol. Biol. 143: 161–178.
  • Schell, D., R. Evers, D. Preis, et al. 1991. A transferrin-binding protein of Trypanosoma brucei is encoded by one of the genes in the variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site. EMBO J. 10: 1061–1066.
  • Shea, C., M. G.-S. Lee, and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1987. VSG gene 118 is transcribed from a co-transposed pol I-like promoter. Cell 50: 603–612.
  • Shea, C., and L. H.T. Van der Ploeg. 1988. Stable variant specific transcripts of the variant cell surface glycoprotein gene 1.8 expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 854–859.
  • Smiley, B. L., A. W. Stadnyk, P. J. Myler, and K. Stuart. 1990. The trypanosome leucine repeat gene in the variant surface glycoprotein expression site encodes a putative metal-binding domain and a region resembling protein-binding domains of yeast, Drosophila, and mammalian proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6436–6444.
  • Thomas, B. J., and R. Rothstein. 1989. Elevated recombination rates in transcriptionally active DNA. Cell 56: 619–630.
  • Van der Ploeg, L. H. T. 1990. Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes: genetic recombination and transcriptional control of VSG genes, p. 57–97. In B. D. Hames and D. M. Glover (ed.), Frontiers in molecular biology: genome rearrangements and amplification. IRL Press, New York.
  • Van der Ploeg, L. H. T., A. Y.C. Lui, P. A.M. Michels, et al. 1982. RNA splicing is required to make the messenger RNA for a variant surface antigen in trypanosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 3591–3604.
  • Van der Ploeg, L. H. T., C. L. Smith, R. Polvere, and K. M. Gottesdiener. 1989. Improved separation of chromosome-sized DNA from Trypanosoma brucei, stock 427-60. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 3217–3227.
  • Vickerman, K. 1978. Antigenic variation in trypanosomes. Nature (London) 273: 613–617.
  • Voelkel-Meiman, K., R. L. Keil, and G. S. Roeder. 1987. Recombination-stimulating sequences in yeast ribosomal DNA correspond to sequences regulating transcription by RNA polymerase I. Cell 48: 1071–1079.
  • Zomerdyk, J. C. B. M., R. Kieft, and P. Borst. 1991. Efficient production of functional mRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I in Trypanosoma brucei. Nature (London) 353: 772–775.
  • Zomerdyk, J. C. B. M., R. Kieft, M. Duyndam, P. Shiels, and P. Borst. 1991. Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei: a telomeric expression site for variant-specific surface glycoprotein genes with novel features. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 1359–1368.
  • Zomerdyk, J. C. B. M., R. Kieft, P. G. Shiels, and P. Borst. 1991. Alpha-amanitin-resistant transcription units in trypanosomes: a comparison of promoter sequences for a VSG gene expression site and for the ribosomal RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 5153–5158.
  • Zomerdyk, J. C. B. M., M. Ouellette, A. L.M. A. Ten Asbroek, et al. 1990. The promoter for a variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 9: 2791–2802.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.