Synergistic Action of Interleukin-6 and Glucocorticoids Is Mediated by the Interleukin-6 Response Element of the Rat α₂ Macroglobulin Genet†

REFERENCES

• Akira, S., H. Isshiki, T. Sugita, O. Tanabe, S. Kinoshita, Y. Nishio, T. Nakajima, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1990. A nuclear factor for IL6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of the C/EBP family. EMBO J. 9:1897–1906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ausubel, F. M., R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl. 1990. Current protocols in molecular biology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Baulieu, Ε. Ε. 1989. Contragestion and other clinical applications of RU486, an antiprogesterone at the receptor. Science 245:1351–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, H. 1989. Hepatic acute phase reaction in vivo and in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 25:115–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumann, H., and J. Gauldie. 1990. Regulation of hepatic acute phase plasma protein genes by hepatocyte stimulating factors and other mediators of inflammation. Mol. Biol. Med. 7:147–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumann, H., G. P. Jahreis, and Κ. Κ. Morella. 1990. Interaction of cytokine- and glucocorticoid-response elements of acute phase plasma protein genes. J. Biol. Chem. 265:22275–22281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumann, H., and L. E. Maquat. 1986. Localization of DNA sequences involved in dexamethasone-dependent expression of the rat α1-acid glycoprotein gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2551–2561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumann, H., K. R. Prowse, S. Marinkovic, K. A. Won, and G. P. Jahreis. 1989. Stimulation of hepatic acute phase response by cytokines and glucocorticoids. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 557:280–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beato, M. 1989. Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56:335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechner, T., G. Hocke, A. Goel, and G. H. Fey. 1991. Interleukin 6 response factor of the rat α2-macroglobulin gene. Mol. Biol. Med. 8:267–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brüggemeier, U., M. Kalff, S. Franke, C. Scheidereit, and M. Beato. 1991. Ubiquitous transcription factor OTF-1 mediates induction of the MMTV promoter through synergistic interaction with hormone receptors. Cell 64:565–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Descombes, P., M. Chojkier, S. Lichtsteiner, E. Falvey, and U. Schibler. 1990. LAP, a novel member of the C/EBP gene family, encodes a liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein. Genes Dev. 4:1541–1551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Wet, J. R., K. V. Wood, M. de Luca, D. R. Helinski, and S. Subramani. 1987. The firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, M. I., J. N. Miner, S. K. Yoshinaga, and K. R. Yamamoto. 1990. Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 249:1266–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fey, G., and J. Gauldie. 1990. The acute phase response of the liver in inflammation, p. 89–116. In H. Popper and F. Schaffner (ed.), Progress in liver disease, 9th ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Fried, M., and D. M. Crothers. 1981. Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:6505–6525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazal, P., and J. A. Nelson. 1991. A novel transcription control domain downstream from the cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter cap site. J. Virol. 65:2299–2307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorski, Κ., Μ. Carneiro, and U. Schibler. 1986. Tissue-specific in vitro transcription from the mouse albumin promoter. Cell 47:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori, M., L. J. Abraham, W. Northemann, and G. H. Fey. 1990. Acute phase reaction induces a specific complex between hepatic nuclear proteins and the interleukin 6 response element of the rat α2-macroglobulin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2364–2368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori, M., and Y. Sakaki. 1986. Dideoxy sequencing method using denatured plasmid templates. Anal. Biochem. 152:232–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich, P. C., J. V. Castell, and T. Andus. 1990. Interleukin 6 and the acute phase response. Biochem. J. 265:621–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helle, M., J. P. J. Brakenhoff, Ε. Ε. de Groot, and L. A. Aarden. 1988. Interleukin 6 is involved in interleukin 1 induced activities. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:957–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocke, G. Μ. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Hocke, G. M. et al. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Hocke, G. M., and M.-Z. Cui. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeck, W., S. Rusconi, and B. Groner. 1989. Down-regulation and phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptors in cultured cells. J. Biol. Chem. 264:14396–14402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, T., H. Tanahashi, Y. Misumi, and Y. Sakaki. 1989. Nuclear factors interacting with an interleukin 6 responsive element of rat α2-macroglobulin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:9425–9435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawano, M., T. Hirano, T. Matsuda, T. Taga, Y. Horii, K. Iwato, H. Asaoku, B. Tang, O. Tanabe, H. Tanaka, A. Kuramoto, and T. Kishimoto. 1988. Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature (London) 332:83–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto, T. 1989. The biology of interleukin 6. Blood 74:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, E. S., D. DiLorenzo, G. Posseckert, M. Beato, and G. Ringold. 1988. Sequences downstream of the glucocorticoid regulatory element mediate cycloheximide inhibition of steroid induced expression from the rat α1-acid glycoprotein promoter. Mol. Endocrinol. 2:1343–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, B. B., C. C. Howe, and D. P. Aden. 1980. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines secrete the major plasma proteins and hepatitis Β virus surface antigen. Science 209:497–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz, D. R., R. Zimmermann, M. Heisig, and P. C. Heinrich. 1989. Identification of the promoter sequences involved in the interleukin 6 dependent expression of the rat α2-macroglobulin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1121–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinkovic, S., and H. Baumann. 1990. Structure, hormonal regulation, and identification of the interleukin 6 and dexa-methasone-responsive element of the rat haptoglobin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1573–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight, S. L., and R. Kingsbury. 1982. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science 217:316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, D. M., Jr. 1971. Molecular weight determination of protein-dodecylsulfate complexes by gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system. J. Biol. Chem. 246:6328–6334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordeen, S. K., B. J. Suh, B. Kühnel, and C. A. Hutchinson III. 1990. Structural determinants of a glucocorticoid recognition element. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1866–1873.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Northemann, W., M. Hattori, G. Baffet, T. A. Braciak, R. G. Fletcher, L. J. Abraham, J. Gauldie, M. Baumann, and G. H. Fey. 1990. Production of interleukin 6 by hepatoma cells. Mol. Biol. Med. 7:273–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Northemann, W., B. R. Shiels, T. A. Braciak, R. W. Hanson, P. C. Heinrich, and G. H. Fey. 1988. Structure and acute phase regulation of the rat α2-macroglobulin gene. Biochemistry 27:9194–9203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ott, M. O., L. Sperling, P. Herbomel, M. Yaniv, and M. Weiss. 1984. Tissue-specific expression is conferred by a sequence from the 5′ end of the rat albumin gene. EMBO J. 3:2505–2510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli, V., and R. Cortese. 1989. Interleukin 6 induces a liver specific nuclear protein that binds to the promoter of acute phase genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8202–8206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poli, V., F. P. Mancini, and R. Cortese. 1990. IL6-DBP, a nuclear protein involved in interleukin 6 signal transduction, defines a new family of leucine zipper proteins related to C/EBP. Cell 63:643–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli, V., L. Silengo, F. Altruda, and R. Cortese. 1989. The analysis of the human hemopexin promoter defines a new class of liver specific genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:9351–9365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prowse, K. R., and H. Baumann. 1988. Hepatocyte stimulating factor, β2 interferon, and interleukin 1 enhance expression of the rat α1-acid glycoprotein gene via a distal upstream regulatory region. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynal, M. C., Z. Liu, T. Hirano, L. Mayer, T. Kishimoto, and S. Chen-Kiang. 1989. Interleukin 6 induces secretion of IgG1 by coordinated transcriptional activation and differential mRNA accumulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8024–8028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruef, C., K. Budde, J. Lacy, W. Northemann, M. Baumann, R. B. Sterzel, and D. L. Coleman. 1990. Interleukin 6 is an autocrine growth factor for mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 38:249–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sehgal, P. B., G. Grieninger, and G. Tosato. 1989. Regulation of the acute phase and immune responses: interleukin 6. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 557:1–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, D. J., P. A. Sharp, W. W. Wahli, and M. J. Keller. 1988. A high-efficiency HeLa cell nuclear transcription extract. DNA 7:47–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sierra, F. 1989. A laboratory guide to in vitro transcription. Birkhauser, Basel.
   Google Scholar
• Taga, T., Y. Kawanishi, R. R. Hardy, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1987. Receptors for Β cell stimulatory factor 2. J. Exp. Med. 166:967–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniatti, C., R. Arcone, B. Majello, U. Ganter, G. Arpaia, and G. Ciliberto. 1990. Regulation of the human C-reactive protein gene, a major marker of inflammation and cancer. Mol. Biol. Med. 7:199–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truss, M., G. Chalepakis, and M. Beato. 1990. Contacts between steroid hormone receptors and thymines in DNA: an interference method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7180–7184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson, D. R., T. S.-C. Juan, M. D. Wilde, G. H. Fey, and G. J. Darlington. 1990. A 58-base-pair region of the human C3 gene confers synergistic inducibility by interleukin-1 and interleu-kin-6. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6181–6191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won, K.-A., and H. Baumann. 1990. The cytokine response element of the rat α1-acid glycoprotein gene is a complex of several interacting regulatory sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3965–3978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamasaki, K., T. Taga, Y. U. Kirata, H. Yawata, Y. Kawanishi, B. Seed, T. Taniguchi, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1988. Cloning and expression of the human interleukin 6 (BSF2/ ΙΝΡβ2) receptor. Science 241:825–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang-Yen, H.-F., J.-C. Chambard, Y.-L. Sun, T. Smeal, T. J. Schmidt, J. Drouin, and M. Karin. 1990. Transcriptional interference between c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell 67:1205–1215.
   Google Scholar