2
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Transcriptional Regulation

The Promoter for the Procyclic Acidic Repetitive Protein (PARP) Genes of Trypanosoma brucei Shares Features with RNA Polymerase I Promoters

, &
Pages 2644-2652 | Received 04 Nov 1991, Accepted 13 Mar 1992, Published online: 31 Mar 2023

References

  • Agabian, Ν. 1990. Trans splicing of nuclear pre-mRNAs. Cell 61:1157–1160.
  • Berk, A. J., and P. A. Sharp. 1977. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell 12:721–732.
  • Boothroyd, J. C., and G. A. M. Cross. 1982. Transcripts coding for variant surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma brucei have a short, identical exon at their 5′ end. Gene 20:281–289.
  • Borst, P. 1986. Discontinuous transcription and antigenic variation in trypanosomes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55:701–732.
  • Brun, R., and M. Schonenberger. 1979. Cultivation and in vitro cloning of procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei in a semi-defined medium. Acta Trop. 36:289–292.
  • Chung, H.-M., and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. Unpublished data.
  • Clayton, C. E., J. P. Fueri, J. E. Itzaki, V. Bellofatto, D. R. Sherman, G. S. Wisdom, S. Vijayasarathy, and M. R. Mowatt. 1990. Transcription of the procyclic acidic repetitive protein genes of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3036–3047.
  • Dorn, P. L., R. A. Aman, and J. C. Boothroyd. 1991. Inhibition of protein synthesis results in superinduction of procyclin (PARP) RNA levels. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 44:133–140.
  • Evers, R., A. Hammer, J. Kock, W. Jess, P. Borst, S. Memet, and A. W. C. A. Cornelissen. 1989. Trypanosoma brucei contains two RNA polymerase II largest subunit genes with an altered C-terminal domain. Cell 56:585–597.
  • Geiduschek, E. P., and G. P. Tocchini-Valentini. 1988. Transcription by RNA polymerase III. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:873–914.
  • Gottesdiener, K., and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. Unpublished data.
  • Gottesdiener, K., H.-M. Chung, S. D. Brown, M. G.-S. Lee, and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1991. Characterization of VSG gene expression site promoters and promoter-associated DNA rearrangement events. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2467–2480.
  • Grondal, E. J. M., R. Evers, K. Kosubek, and A. W. C. A. Cornelissen. 1989. Characterization of the RNA polymerases of Trypanosoma brucei: trypanosomal mRNAs are composed of transcripts derived from both RNA polymerase II and III. EMBO J. 8:3383–3389.
  • Grummt, I., E. Roth, and M. R. Paule. 1982. Ribosomal RNA transcription in vitro is species-specific. Nature (London) 296:173–174.
  • Haltiner, M. M., S. T. Smale, and R. Tjian. 1986. Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:227–235.
  • Haltiner Jones, M., R. M. Learned, and R. Tjian. 1988. Analysis of clustered point mutations in the human ribosomal RNA gene promoter by transient expression in vivo. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85:669–673.
  • Huang, J., and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1991. Requirement of a polypyrimidine tract for trans-splicing in trypanosomes: discriminating the PARP promoter from the immediately adjacent 3′ splice acceptor site. EMBO J. 10:3877–3885.
  • Ishikawa, Y., G. Safrany, K. Hisatake, N. Tanaka, Y. Maeda, H. Kato, R. Kominami, and M. Muramatsu. 1991. Structure of the core promoter of human and mouse ribosomal RNA gene. Asymmetry of species-specific transcription. J. Mol. Biol. 218:55–67.
  • Kishimoto, T., M. Nagamine, T. Sasaki, N. Takakusa, T. Miwa, R. Kominami, and M. Muramatsu. 1985. Presence of a limited number of essential nucleotides in the promoter region of mouse ribosomal RNA gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3515–3532.
  • Kooter, J. M., and P. Borst. 1984. α-Amanitin-insensitive transcription of variant surface glycoprotein genes provides further evidence for discontinuous transcription in trypanosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:9457–9472.
  • Laird, P. W. 1989. Trans splicing in trypanosomes—archaism or adaptation? Trends Genet. 5:204–208.
  • Lee, M. G.-S., and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. Unpublished data.
  • Lee, M. G.-S., and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1990. Homologous recombination and stable transfection in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. Science 250:1583–1587.
  • Margottin, F., G. Dujardin, M. Gerard, J. M. Egly, J. Huet, and A. Sentenac. 1991. Participation of the TATA factor in transcription of the yeast U6 gene by RNA polymerase C. Science 251:424–426.
  • Miller, K. G., J. Tower, and B. Sollner-Webb. 1985. A complex control region of the mouse rDNA gene directs accurate initiation by RNA polymerase I. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:554–562.
  • McKnight, S. L., and R. Kingsbury. 1982. Transcriptional control signals of a eukayotic protein-coding gene. Science 217:316–324.
  • Mosig, H., A. R. Schaffner, H. Sieber, and G. R. Hartmann. 1985. Primer-independent abortive initiation by wheat-germ RNA polymerase Β (II). Eur. J. Biochem. 149:337–343.
  • Mowatt, M. R., and C. E. Clayton. 1987. Developmental regulation of a novel repetitive protein of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2838–2844.
  • Mowatt, M. R., and C. E. Clayton. 1988. Polymorphism in the procyclic acidic repetitive protein gene family of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4055–1062.
  • Mowatt, M. R., and C. E. Clayton. 1989. Variation of tandem repeats in the developmentally regulated procyclic acidic repetitive proteins of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1332–1335.
  • Musters, W., J. Knol, P. Maas, A. F. Dekker, H. van Heerikhuizen, and R. J. Planta. 1989. Linker scanning of the yeast RNA polymerase I promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:9661–9678.
  • Pape, L. K., J. J. Windle, and B. Sollner-Webb. 1990. Half helical turn spacing changes convert a frog into a mouse rDNA promoter: a distant upstream domain determines the helix face of the initiation site. Genes Dev. 4:52–62.
  • Parent, Α., S. Zeitlin, and A. Efstratiadis. 1987. Minimal exon sequence requirements for efficient in vitro splicing of monointronic nuclear pre-mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 262:11284–11291.
  • Pays, E., H. Coquelet, A. Pays, P. Tebabi, and M. Steinert. 1989. Trypanosoma brucei: posttranscriptional control of the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4018–4021.
  • Pays, E., H. Coquelet, P. Tebabi, A. Pays, D. Jefferies, M. Steinert, E. Koenig, R. O. Williams, and I. Roditi. 1990. Trypanosoma brucei: constitutive activity of the VSG and procyclin gene promoters. EMBO J. 9:3145–3151.
  • Reeder, R. H. 1991. rRNA synthesis in the nucleolus. Trends Genet. 6:390–395.
  • Richardson, J. P., R. P. Beecroft, D. L. Tolson, Μ. Κ. Liu, and T. W. Pearson. 1988. Procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of African trypanosomes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 31:203–216.
  • Roditi, I., M. Carrington, and M. Turner. 1987. Expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of Trypanosoma brucei. Nature (London) 325:272–274.
  • Roditi, I., H. Schwarz, T. W. Pearson, R. P. Beecroft, Μ. Κ. Liu, J. P. Richardson, H.-J. Buhring, J. Pleiss, R. Bulow, R. O. Williams, and P. Overath. 1989. Procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Cell Biol. 108:737–746.
  • Rudenko, G., D. Bishop, K. Gottesdiener, and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1989. Alpha-amanitin resistant transcription of protein coding genes in insect and bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 8:4259–4263.
  • Rudenko, G., H.-M. Chung, V. P. Pham, and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1991. RNA polymerase I can mediate expression of CAT and neo protein-coding genes in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 10:3387–3397.
  • Rudenko, G., S. Le Blancq, J. Smith, M. G.-S. Lee, A. Rattray, and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1990. Procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) genes located in an unusually small α-amanitin-resistant transcription unit: PARP promoter activity assayed by transient DNA transfection of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3492–3504.
  • Rudenko, G., M. G.-S. Lee, and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1992. The PARP and VSG genes of Trypanosoma brucei do not resemble RNA polymerase II transcription units in sensitivity to Sarkosyl in nuclear run-on assays. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:303–306.
  • Ruskin, B., and M. R. Green. 1985. An RNA processing activity that debranches RNA lariats. Science 229:135–140.
  • Ruskin, B., A. R. Krainer, T. Maniatis, and M. R. Green. 1984. Excision of an intact intron as a novel lariat structure during pre-mRNA splicing in vitro. Cell 38:317–331.
  • Sawadogo, M., and A. Sentenac. 1990. RNA polymerase Β (II) and general transcription factors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59:711–754.
  • Seed, B., and J.-Y. Sheen. 1988. A simple phase-extraction assay for chloramphenicol acyltransferase activity. Gene 67:271–277.
  • Shea, C., M. G.-S. Lee, and L. Η. Τ. Van der Ploeg. 1987. VSG gene 118 is transcribed from a cotransposed pol I-like promoter. Cell 50:603–612.
  • Sherman, D. R., L. Janz, M. Hug, and C. Clayton. 1991. Anatomy of the parp gene promoter of Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 10:3379–3386.
  • Smith, J. L., J. R. Levin, C. J. Ingles, and N. Abagian. 1989. In trypanosomes the homolog of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is encoded by two genes and has a highly unusual C-terminal domain structure. Cell 56:815–827.
  • Sollner-Webb, B., and Ε. Β. Mougey. 1991. News from the nucleolus: rRNA gene expression. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:58–62.
  • Sollner-Webb, B., and J. Tower. 1986. Transcription of cloned eukaryotic ribosomal RNA genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55:801–830.
  • Sutton, R. E., and J. C. Boothroyd. 1986. Evidence for trans splicing in trypanosomes. Cell 47:527–535.
  • Thompson, N. E., T. H. Steinberg, D. B. Aronson, and R. R. Burgess. 1989. Inhibition of in vivo and in vitro transcription by monoclonal antibodies prepared against wheat germ RNA polymerase II that react with the heptapeptide repeat of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 264:11511–11520.
  • Van der Ploeg, L. Η. Τ. 1991. Control of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. New Biol. 3:324–330.
  • Van der Ploeg, L. H. T., A. Y. C. Liu, P. A. M. Michels, T. De Lange, P. Borst, H. K. Majumder, H. Weber, G. H. Veenman, and J. Van Boom. 1982. RNA splicing is required to make the messenger RNA for a variant surface antigen in trypanosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:3591–3604.
  • White, T. C., G. Rudenko, and P. Borst. 1986. Three small RNAs within the 10 kb trypanosome rRNA transcription unit are analogous to domain VII of other eukaryotic 28S rRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:9471–9489.
  • Windle, J. J., and B. Sollner-Webb. 1986. Two distant and precisely positioned domains promote transcription of Xenopus laevis rRNA genes: analysis with linker-scanning mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4585–4593.
  • Zomerdijk, J. C. B. M., R. Kieft, P. G. Shield, and P. Borst. 1991. Alpha-amanitin-resistant transcription units in trypanosomes: a comparison of promoter sequences for a VSG gene expression site and for the ribosomal RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5153–5158.
  • Zomerdijk, J. C. B. M., M. Ouellette, A. L. M. A. ten Asbroek, R. Kieft, A. M. M. Bommer, C. E. Clayton, and P. Borst. 1990. The promoter for a variant surface glycoprotein gene expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO J. 9:2791–2801.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.